NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM
01. E-course : Diploma in
Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)
Edition
01: 29 November, 2009.
Edition
08 : 10 March, 2013.
Edition
10 : 24 November, 2014.
SECTION B : SOLUTIONS TO
THE PROBLEMS.
Study points
: 06 points out of 18.
Minimum study
time : 186 hours out of 504
The points
are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for Section B :
Solutions to the Problems.
Fifth block : How
the third block structures solve specific problems.
Study points : 02 points out of 18
Minimum study time : 54 hours out of 504
The
points are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for Section B :
Solutions to the Problems.
Fifth block : How
the third block structures solve specific problems.
Section 5: Sustainability. [5
hours]
02.00 Hours analysis of Model material.
02.00 Hours in-depth analysis.
01.00 Report.
Section 5: Sustainability. [5
hours]
In-depth analysis. (At least 2 hours)
Read George Monbiot’s article The Great Imposters
on the commodification of natural resources, published in the Guardian,
“The
costing and sale of nature represents another transfer of power to corporations
and the very rich…..It diminishes us, it diminishes nature. By turning the
natural world into a subsidiary of the corporate economy, it reasserts the
biblical doctrine of dominion. It slices the biosphere into component
commodities: ”
Environmental factors which “potentially also
contribute to a collapse [of civilization include]: an accelerating extinction
of animal and plant populations and species, which could lead to a loss of
ecosystem services essential for human survival; land degradation and land-use
change; a pole-to-pole spread of toxic compounds; ocean acidification and
eutrophication (dead zones); worsening of some aspects of the epidemiological
environment (factors that make human populations susceptible to infectious
diseases); depletion of increasingly scarce resources, including especially
groundwater, which is being overexploited in many key agricultural areas; and
resource wars.” ( P.R. Ehrlich, H.M. Ehlich, Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided? Proceedings of the
Royal Society, Biology, Vol. 280, 20122845,
The following analysis applies to national climate adaptation plans. Not
all items necessarily apply to individual integrated development areas, but
most do. Measures marked “Yes” are in principle included in integrated
development projects. Those marked “No” are not.
Key vulnerabilities and adaptation
solutions.
Annex III to the document Identification and implementation of medium- and
long-term adaptation activities in least-developed countries.
(Technical Paper FCCC/TP/2011/7 for Item 6(b) of the Provisional Agenda
for the Thirty-fifth Session,
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Subsidiary Body
for Implementation,
|
Adaptation development goal/sector. |
Key vulnerabilities. |
National adaptation programme of action interventions (adaptation solutions). |
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Agriculture and food security: achieving and
safeguarding food security. |
Reduced crop yields. Declining fish populations. Shorter growing seasons. Loss of agricultural land (erosion
during floods, and desertification as a result of droughts). Floods causing loss of soil
fertility. Soil salination due to saltwater
intrusion. Uncertainty about what and when to
plant. Droughts and unpredictable rainfall
plus heat spells leading to increased evapo-transpiration. |
Change of planting dates. [Yes] Diversification of crop production by breeding
resilient crops (drought resilient for drought-prone areas, and salt
resistant for coastal zones). [Yes] Fodder production. [Yes] Reseeding of rangelands. [Yes] Water harvesting. [Yes] Construction and rehabilitation of reservoirs/dams.
[No.] Water-saving irrigation techniques. [Yes – strictly
local, small scale]. Land-use planning. [Yes] Soil conservation. [Yes] Food preservation and processing through the
improvement of small- scale industries. [Yes – small-scale local
activities only.] Food/cereal banks. [Yes] |
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Water resources and water security. |
Drying up of rivers and springs. Increased water stress. Rising sea levels compromising fresh water sources. Scarcity of potable water. Unsustainable use of groundwater resources. |
Rainwater harvesting. [Yes] Rehabilitation of wetlands. [Yes] Integrated watershed management with land-use and
coastal area protection benefits. [Yes : with multiple projects
in a watershed area.] Rehabilitation of boreholes/Wells. [Yes] Resilient designs of reservoirs, irrigation canals,
ponds and dykes. [No, except for special situations.] Efficient water use. [Yes] Eco-sanitation. [Yes] |
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Physical safety: protection of life and property
against climate extremes and disasters, including along low-lying and coastal
areas. |
Increased extreme and new events (glacial lake outburst
floods, droughts and floods). Traditional early warning systems unable to simulate
the new and frequent events. Landslides due to flooding. Inundation along coasts. Coastal erosion. Degradation of marine ecosystems. |
Artificial lowering of glacial lakes. [No.] Construction of dykes, current breakers and shifting
dune bars. [No] Radar reflectors and life vests for fishermen.
[Possible, not yet defined]. Hazard/risk maps and related response maps, and
escape routes. [Possible, not yet considered] Planning settlements in low-risk areas. [Possible,
not yet foreseen] Resettlement of communities at risk. [In principle
possible, not yet foreseen] Disaster management, preparedness and awareness.
[Yes] Rehabilitation of existing and/or installation of
new observing stations/equipment. [No, except for observation
points in forests.] Establishment of communication systems for early
warning. [No.] |
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Protecting livelihoods and enhancing adaptive
capacity. |
Absolute dependence on natural resources and
ecosystems. |
Safety nets (e.g. social action funds). [Yes] Promotion of non-conventional food resources. [Yes] Homestead food production. [Yes] Mainstreaming of gender-related considerations.
[Yes] Vocational training facilities and centres for
communities. [Yes] |
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‘Climate proofing’ major components of national economies and sustainable development
(socio-economic growth engine). |
Climate change exposes farmers to uncertain risks
with heavy losses. Farmers do not have access to credit. Increase in frequency and magnitude of climate
extremes. |
Community training programmes
on climate change. [Yes] Including climate change in the national curriculum.
[No.] Developing and introducing energy saving techniques.
[Yes] Drought indices. [Yes] Insurance design. [No.] Contingency funding for surviving during disasters. [Yes : indirectly] |
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Supporting and enhancing human health and safety. |
Alteration of spatial and temporal transmission of disease
vectors, including malaria, dengue fever,
meningitis, cholera and diarrhoea. Increased tropical storms
increasing risks to life. |
Distribution of treated mosquito nets. [Yes] Production of bio-pesticides. [No.] Rehabilitation and establishment of health-care
centres. [Yes] Securing potable water. [Yes] Wastewater treatment systems. [Yes] |
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Protecting and enhancing ecosystem structure and functions for the sustainable provision of ecosystem
goods and services. |
Desertification. Deforestation. Degradation of grasslands. Replacement of native species and colonization by
non-indigenous species. Sediment pollution during floods. Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem
services due to erosion and watershed regulations. Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services due to
erosion and watershed regulations. |
Coastal afforestation. [Yes] Rehabilitation of mangroves and plantation
management. [Yes] (
See Spalding, M. and others, Mangroves for coastal defence. Guidelines for coastal
managers and policymakers, Wetlands International avec The Nature
Conservancy, Wageningen, 2014.) Participative protection of coastal sediment
barriers. [Yes] Optimization of freshwater and drainage management,
including construction of diversion furrows and terraces.
[Yes] Soil and vegetation management. [Yes] Integrated watershed management. [Yes : with
multiple projects in a watershed area.] Reseeding of rangelands. [Yes] Construction of gabions to stop erosion and
rehabilitate wetlands. [Possible, but not currently foreseen.] Rehabilitation of silted ponds and reconstitution of
basin slopes. [Possible, but not currently foreseen.] |
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‘Climate proofing’ renewable energy sources and
supplies. |
Energy insecurity resulting from disruption of
hydropower systems. Diminishing of indigenous biomass resources. |
Wildfire prevention and management. [Yes] Energy efficiency. [Yes] Micro-hydropower stations. [No] Diversification of energy sources (solar, wind and
biogas). [Yes] |
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Protecting and preserving cultural values and
cultural Systems. |
Cultural norms and heritage (housing, clothing, medicine
and other traditions) are closely linked to the environment. A change of environment puts pressure on and forces
changes in the culture. |
Protection and conservation of indigenous species.
[Yes] Preservation of cultural heritage sites and promotion
of botanical Gardens. [Yes] |
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Protecting and improving the design
of critical infrastructure. |
Accelerated beach erosion. Destruction of infrastructure
during extreme events (floods and storms). |
Redesigning and rehabilitating infrastructure. [No,
except local, small-scale infrastructure] Planning settlements in low-risk areas. [No.
Possible, where required] |
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One positive aspect of the table of vulnerabilities and
solutions above is that complicated (patented) technologies are usually not
needed. Where patents could eventually be relevant, their owners apparently do
not consider the risk of their qualified copying for local production in very
poor countries, and especially in
“…there have been very few patents [for
the protection of primary adaptation technology in Africa] in fields that would
seem highly relevant for addressing some of the Africa’s most pressing environmental
needs, such as solar cooking, efficient lighting for remote locations, and
solar or wind-powered water pumping.” (Haščič, I. et al, Climate Mitigation and Adaptation in Africa : Evidence
from Patent Data, OECD Environment Working Papers, no. 50,
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Publishing,
On the possibilities of reducing and even eliminating the increase of
CO2 in the atmosphere and therefore providing a simple solution to global
warming , see Regenerative Organic
Agriculture and Climate Change : A Down-to-Earth Solution to Global Warming,
Rodale Institute, Kutztown, 2014.
The Permanent Cooperative for the
Management of Project Structures
“…inclusion and equity are indispensable requirements
for sustainable development. Just as development cannot only be about economic
growth, nor can sustainability be only about protecting the environment.
Development must be people-centered and promote rights as articulated by the
indigenous groups, coupled with equal opportunities, and proper choices. Green
growth must also be inclusive growth, generating social progress and
contributing to eradicating poverty and achieving greater equality, as well as
sustaining our natural environment. Our common future could be grounded in
equitable and sustainable human development, with the explicit goal of
expanding people’s freedoms and choices without compromising those of the
future generation.” ( D.S.Rogers (ed), Waiting to be Heard : Preliminary Results of the 2012 Equity and Sustainability Field
Hearings, Part 2, Initiative for Equality,
Occasional Report # 1, Rapid City, June 2012, p. 146).
The permanent cooperatives for
the on-going management of project structures were analysed in section 2 division of tasks of the
third block solutions to the problems.
The statutes of the
Cooperatives for the on-going management of project structures contain
innovative operating concepts. The duration of the Cooperatives is «unlimited».
The management structures answer directly to the populations, who own both
properties and services..
1.
Opinion
Describe on one page the factors which
could lead to the winding up of a
management cooperative.
Review you work on the social structures.
2.
Opinion.
On one page,
explain the difference between the tank commissions formed under Integrated
Development projects on the one hand and women’s groups, savings groups, and
other voluntarily or legally formed committees already in operation in the
project area on the other. Which elements guarantee the permanent stability
of the tank commissions ?
Review your work on the financial
structures.
3.
Opinion.
On one page
discuss the hypothesis that «the
financial structures of integrated development projects are stable because everyone
profits from them and no-one can lose as a result of their operation».
Review your work on the productive structures.
4.
Opinion.
On one page,
explain the productive structures are by their nature in principle less stable
than the social, financial, and service structures under the control of the
Permanent Cooperative for the on-going Management of Project Structures. Can
you see any risks of instability ? Which risks ? Why ?
Review your work on the service
structures.
5.
Opinion.
On one page describe the services one by
one and identify (where applicable) their potential for instability.
◄ Fifth block : Section 5: Sustainability.
◄ Fifth
block : How fourth block structures solve specific problems.
◄ Main index for the Diploma in Integrated Development
(Dip.Int.Dev)
"Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the
bolt that bars them."
Gesell, Silvio, The Natural Economic Order, revised English edition,
Peter Owen,
“Poverty is created scarcity”
Wahu Kaara, point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58th
annual NGO Conference, United Nations,
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