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Edition 06: 26 March, 2009

(CLIQUEZ ICI POUR LA VERSION EN FRANÇAIS)

 

“Poverty is created scarcity”

Wahu Kaara, point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58th annual NGO Conference, United Nations, New York 7th September 2005.

 


 

08.50  How the project achieves the Millennium Development Goals in the project area.

 

08.50.01 Measuring the project results.

 

Since the project area covers quite a small surface area and the whole population there participates in the project, measurement of the results of the various project activities is relatively simple. The results of most project activities are visible. Use made of the various project structures is systematically monitored on a day to day basis as a standard part of their operation. 

 


 

08.50.10 A short critique of the millennium goals.

 

The project enables 100% of the people living in the project area to achieve nearly all of the Millennium Development Goals, targets, and sub-targets approved  in the Declaration of Sustainable Development during the 17th Plenary Meeting of the World Summit on Sustainable Development signed in Johannesburg on 4 September 2002.  A few goals, targets and sub-targets are however not directly covered by the project because they can lead to ongoing financial leakage from the project area. This is against the principles of integrated development applied in the project. Some Millennium initiatives tend more to benefit multinationals and industrialised economies rather than help reduce poverty.

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of activities there is unlikely to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the achievement of the  millennium goals in the host country would become graphically more and more evident. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Not all of the Johannesburg goals, targets and sub-targets, then, directly relate to integrated development within the meaning of the project documents. In particular, descriptions such as reducing by half the proportion of  “poor people”, or reducing by half the number of the “hungry” represent a discriminatory approach to development the authors of this project do not agree with. Too bad for you if you happen to be part of the 50% destined to remain poor. This project aims at eliminating ALL poverty and  ALL hunger from the project area. Application at regional or national level of the concepts incorporated in the project would eliminate ALL poverty and ALL hunger at regional or national level.

 

Goal 8 was given the ominous title “Develop a global partnership for development.”  Economic globalisation tolerates concentration of financial power in just a few, non-elected hands. Its instruments include debt-creation, the application of interest on debts and the accumulated interest built into the prices of industrial products. It also tolerates an unfair subsidy system benefiting the interests of operators in industrialised countries. These amounted to US$ 350.000.000.000 for agricultural subsidies alone in 2001[1].  This is more than three times the US$ 103.900.000.000 (which included about US$ 19.000.000.000 in debt relief) spent by all the OECD countries together on development aid in 2006. [2] One of the slogans of economic globalisation is the concept of “public-private partnership” which has allowed multinational corporations to take control of public monopolies and services with disastrous consequences throughout the world for all , especially the poorest and the weakest members of society.

 

Targets included in Goal 8 include :

 

Target 15 : Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable over the long term.”

“Target 16 : In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth.”

“Target 17 : In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.”

“Target 18 : In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications technologies”

 

Brought together under a goal called “Develop a global partnership for development”  these targets allow the main causes of financial leakage and poverty that other Millennium Goals are claimed to be designed to eliminate to re-enter through the back door. 

 

Openings for global partnerships and public-private “cooperation”  are introduced systematically into the descriptions of  other goals, targets and sub-targets as well. Two examples of these are given here. There are many others.

 

Article 60 (a)  section VIII of the Plan of Implementation

Article 60 (a) of the Plan of  Implementation adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 4th September 2002  together with the Johannesburg Declaration is part of section VIII of the Plan.  Section VIII is headed “Sustainable development for Africa”. It includes articles 56-65 of the Plan of Implementation.

Article 60 refers to the development and management of integrated water resources in Africa.

Article 60 (a) reads that one of the objects of the Plan is to:

 

“(a) Provide access to potable domestic water, hygiene education and improved sanitation and waste management at the household level through initiatives to encourage public and private investment in water supply and sanitation ……while respecting local conditions involving all concerned stakeholders……”

The Millennium Development goals for drinking water and sanitation are therefore to be solved by encouraging “public and private investment”.  While it is not clear what the words “respecting local conditions involving all concerned stakeholders” mean, one interpretation of them is that all established rights, such as existing control by multinational companies of water supply in some large cities in developing countries, will not be touched and the status quo will be maintained.

On the other hand, neither in section 60 (a) nor elsewhere in the Plan of Implementation, are key development concepts such as “interest”, “monoculture”, “local economies”, “micro-economic” or “local production”  mentioned. Not once. Anywhere. The term “local development” is mentioned just once, in Article 19, where it is directly coupled with “national development”. The key issue for development, stopping financial leakage from poor areas, is mentioned only once, indirectly, in article 83 of  the Plan of Implementation, where the term “capital flight ” is used.

 

Article 83, section X, of the Plan of Implementation

 

Article 83 of the Plan of  Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 4th September 2002 sends shivers down the spine of anyone who has the interests of the world’s poor at heart. The Plan of Implementation was adopted together with the Johannesburg Declaration.  Article 83 is part of section X of the Plan.  Section X is headed “Means of implementation” . It includes articles 81-136 of the Plan of Implementation.

Article 83 reads:

83. In our common pursuit of growth, poverty eradication and sustainable development, a critical challenge is to ensure the necessary internal conditions for mobilizing domestic savings, both public and private, sustaining adequate levels of productive investment and increasing human capacity. A crucial task is to enhance the efficacy, coherence and consistency of macroeconomic policies. An enabling domestic environment is vital for mobilizing domestic resources, increasing productivity, reducing capital flight, encouraging the private sector and attracting and making effective use of international investment and assistance. Efforts to create such an environment should be supported by the international community.”

Article 83 is an example of the confusion deliberately created at international level around development and development aid at the beginning of the 21st century.

It refers to the creation of necessary conditions for the “mobilisation” of public and private domestic savings. Which conditions these are, and how and by whom they are to be “mobilised” is not stated.

Article 83 claims it is necessary to “sustain adequate levels of productive investment”. Investment by whom?  Productive in which way?

It is said that “productive investment” is “crucial”  to “enhance the efficacy, coherence and consistency of  macroeconomic policies.”  Whose policies?  What are the criteria for making them efficacious, coherent and consistent?

A “enabling domestic environment” is said to be one which encourages the private sector and attracts and makes effective use “of international investment and assistance.”

One of the tasks of the international community is to make sure that the favourable domestic environments needed to attract and make use “of international investment and assistance” are created.

In reality article 83 clearly suggests that the implementation of the Millennium Goals, and therefore development and the elimination of poverty,  is to be achieved through putting pressure on the governments of developing countries to continue to privilege the interests of industrialised nations and multinationals and maintain the present economic status quo. 

 

 

[1] Watkins K. Eight broken promises, Oxfam briefing paper 9, Oxfam International, Washington, 2001 (US$ 350 billion in 2001).

[2] OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, press release “Development Aid from OECD countries fell 5.1% in 2006”, Paris, 3 april 2007

 


 

08.50.20 How the project achieves each of the millennium goals, targets and sub-targets.

 

The following notes follow the tortuous and cumbersome numbering of Millennium goals, targets and sub-targets adopted at the Johannesburg Conference.

 

Information on each sub-target is designed to be read independently of all of the others. This means that information in several sub-targets viewed together is repetitive.

 

08.50.21 Goal 1 : Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

 

08.50.21.01 Target 01 : Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than one dollar a day.

 

Sub-target 01 : Proportion of population below US$1 (PPP) per Day (World Bank)

 

The principles behind this project do not reflect monetarist approaches based on the arbitrary “one dollar a day” concept at the basis of sub-target 01. Project results reflect subjective evaluations of the improvement in the actual quality of life of the people in the project area. These evaluations include the benefits of non-monetised productive activities and of all transactions carried out under the local money system set up in an early phase of  project execution.

 

The project will provide about 4000 permanent work opportunities and bring full employment for 100% of the adult population and eliminate poverty in the project area. Not just by half, but completely.

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of activities there is unlikely to be immediately visible improvement on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the achievement of the millennium goals in the host country would become graphically more and more evident. 

 

The preparation of a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement : direct report on improvements in the quality of life in each of the 200 local development groups in the project area and comparison with their quality of life at the time the project started..

 

Sub-target 02: Poverty gap ratio US$ 1 per day (World Bank)

 

The principles behind this project do not reflect monetarist approaches based on the arbitrary “one dollar a day” concept at the basis of sub-target 02.. Project results reflect subjective evaluations of improvements in the actual quality of life of the people in the project area. These evaluations include the benefits of non-monetised productive activities and of all transactions carried out under the local money system set up in an early phase of  project execution.

 

The project will provide about 4000 permanent work opportunities and bring full employment for 100% of the adult population and eliminate poverty in the project area. Not just by half, but completely.

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of activities there is unlikely to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the achievement of the  millennium goals in the host country would become graphically more and more evident. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement : direct report on improvements in the quality of life in each of the 200 local development groups in the project area and comparison with their quality of life at the time the project started..

 

Sub-target 03 : Share of poorest quintile in National Income or Consumption (World Bank)

 

Since ALL the people in each project area will leave the poorest quintile in National Income  or  Consumption, the project will by definition indirectly help increase the share of the poorest quintile in National income in the host country. Since the population in each project area is usually  just 50.000, the effect of this for just one project area is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level.  To cover the entire population of the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 inhabitants. As these projects are executed, the rate of increase of the share of the poorest quintile in National Income would become graphically visible. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement of progress:  Compare statistics in the project area after the introduction of the project structures over a period of 24 months with statistics for the project area before the start of the project. View statistical activity of the operation of the local Money system set up by the project. View statistical activity of the operation of the interest-free micro-credits system set up by the project.

 

08.50.21.02 Target 02 : Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

 

Sub-target 04 : Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age (UNICEF)

 

Since ALL the people in each project area will enjoy a varied diet and a good quality of life, there should not be any underweight children living in the project area at the close of the 24 months’ executive period for the project. Each project will therefore by definition help reduce the prevalence of underweight children in the host country. Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of this is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed, the reduction of the prevalence of underweight children in the host country would become graphically visible. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement : Compare statistics in the project area after the introduction of the project structures over a period of 24 months with statistics for the project area before the start of the project.

 

Sub-target 05 : Proportion of the population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (F.A.O.)

 

Since ALL the people in each project area will enjoy a varied diet and a good quality of life, no-one there should at the close of the 24 months’ executive period for the project be below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption as foreseen by the F.A.O.  Each project will therefore by definition help reduce the proportion of the population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption in the host country. Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of this is unlikely to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed, the reduction of the proportion of the underfed population in the host country would become graphically visible. 

 

Section  08.40 Aspects relating to agriculture and food security of the project describes in detail how agricultural activity in the project area is promoted and food security guaranteed.

 

The preparation of a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement of progress:  Information on local food production for local consumption.  Information and statistics on the daily dietary intake of the population in the project area.

 


 

08.50.22 Goal 2 : Achieve universal primary education.

 

08.50.22. 03 Target 03 :  Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling.

 

Sub-target 06 : Net enrolment ratio in primary education (UNESCO).

 

The issue is the number of children who actually go to school. Children may be enrolled, but for one reason or another be unable to attend classes.

 

In principle ALL children in each project area will enjoy a full course of both primary and secondary education. The project can use a local money system to build new schools near users’ homes, furnish them, and supply them with drinking water and sanitation facilities. The local population can contribute to or pay all of the costs of these activities, provided labour and materials used come from within the project area itself.  Qualified teachers or students with qualifications enabling them to take up teaching activities and who are willing to work entirely or in part under the local Money system set up by the project can take up service rapidly. In that case full primary education in the project area can be implemented within two or three years.

 

Full exploitation of the system depends however on the availability of teachers. It may also depend, at least in part, on the willingness of the Ministry of Education to pay the teachers at least part of their salary  in formal money where they are unwilling to work entirely under the local money system created..

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of full primary education there is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the percentage of children in the host country who are going to school  would become graphically visible. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement :  Compare statistics for child enrolment in the project area after the introduction of the project structures over a period of 24 months and thereafter with statistics for the project area before the start of the project.

 

Sub-target 07 : Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 (UNESCO)

 

In principle ALL children in each project area will enjoy a full course of both primary and secondary education. The project can use a local money system to build new schools near users’ homes, furnish them, and supply them with drinking water and sanitation facilities. The local population can contribute to or pay all of the costs of these activities, provided labour and materials used come from within the project area itself.  Qualified teachers or students with qualifications enabling them to take up teaching activities who are willing to work entirely or in part under the local Money system set up by the project can take up service rapidly. In that case full primary education in the project area can be implemented within two or three years. This means that in principle ALL children in a project area who start at grade 1 will complete grade 5. 

 

Full exploitation of the system depends however on the availability of teachers.  It may also depend, at least in part, on the willingness of the Ministry of Education to pay the teachers at least part of their salary  in formal money where they are unwilling to work entirely under the local money system created..

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of full primary education there is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the percentage of children in the host country starting at grade 1 who complete grade 5 would become graphically visible. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement :  Compare statistics for pupils reaching grade 5 in the project area after the introduction of the project structures over a period of 24 months and thereafter with statistics for the project area before the start of the project.

 

Sub-target 08 : Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds (UNESCO)

 

In principle ALL children in each project area will enjoy a full course of both primary and secondary education. This means that in principle the literacy rate of 15-24 year olds in each project area will after some years automatically reach 100%.

 

A 100% literacy rate amongst young people who are already in the 15-24 age group at the moment the project starts cannot be guaranteed as participation of adults in (further) learning is not compulsory. The project provides for 200 solar-lit collective study rooms near people’s homes and for solar lighting in schools to make evening classes possible. General reduction of the work-load on women is an important result of project application. This should encourage women’s participation in evening classes. 

 

Full exploitation of the potential offered by the project depends on the availability of teachers. It may also depend, at least in part, on the willingness of the Ministry of Education to pay the teachers at least part of their salary  in formal money where they are unwilling to work entirely under the local money system created.

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of full secondary education there is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the improvement in the percentage of literate 15-24 year olds in the host country would become graphically visible. 

 

Section 05.46 Education structures of  the project describes in detail how the project can improve primary and secondary education for the benefit of all of the

children in the project area.

 

Section 05.16 Creation of the social security structure of the project describes a three-tiered safety-net system designed to make sure that even the children of the poorest families go to school.

 

Measurement : The number of schools and classes in each project area. The number of teachers working under the formal Money system (salary paid by the Ministry of Education), partly under the formal Money system and partly under the Local Money system, and those working under the Local Money system set up. Statistics on the use made of the three-tiered social security system built into the project structures.

 


 

08.50.23 Goal 3 : Promote gender equality and empower women.

 

08.50.23. 04 Target 04 :  Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and at all levels by 2015.

 

Sub-target 09 : Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education (UNESCO)

 

All children in each project area, girls as well as boys, receive full primary and secondary education, with a ratio of 1 : 1. Most tertiary education is excluded from the project, which has little influence on policies of acceptation of girls and their participation in courses at tertiary level. However, the ratio of girls to boys who are prepared in each project area for tertiary education is expected to be 1 : 1.

 

This project provides for the institution of a trade school in the project area. An attempt will also be made to reach agreement with a tertiary institution to set up a first year university preparatory course (propadeuse) in the project area.

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of full participation by girls in education there is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the improvement in the ratio of girls to boys at primary, secondary and tertiary education in the host country would become graphically visible. 

 

Measurement :  the number and sex of children actually attending primary and secondary schools and university propadeuse courses  in the project area and those from the project area following tertiary education elsewhere.

 

Sub-target 10 : Ratio of literate women to men 15-24 years old (UNESCO)

 

In principle ALL children in each project area will enjoy a full course of both primary and secondary education. This means that in principle the ratio of literate women to men amongst 15-24 year olds in each project area will after some years automatically reach 1 : 1.

 

Apart from full participation in formal primary-, secondary-, and tertiary education levels, all women participate in hygiene education courses.

 

A 100% literacy rate amongst young people who are already in the 15-24 age group at the moment the project starts cannot be guaranteed as participation of adults in (further) learning is not compulsory. The project provides for 200 solar-lit collective study rooms near people’s homes and for solar lighting in schools to make evening classes possible. General reduction of the work-load on women is an important result of project application. This should encourage women’s participation in evening classes. 

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of women’s literacy there is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the improvement in the ratio of literate women to men in the host country would become graphically visible. 

 

Measurement : The number of people (especially women) attending evening classes. Comparison with statistics before and after project implementation.

 

Sub-target 11 : Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (ILO)

 

Sub-target 11 reflects traditional economic thinking not followed in this project, which supports local production initiatives at individual, family, and cooperative level. It does not recognise the employer-employee relationship. The cooperative project structures set up during project execution operate in parallel with, but do not replace, existing formal money ones. Employer-employee relations can be freely exercised in project areas in the formal money sphere, outside of the project structures. They will not be supported by the project.  

 

Project concepts ensure that women play a majority, therefore dominating, role in all project structures and activities at all levels, including the financing of productive activities under the interest-free cost-free micro-credit loan system set up in an early phase of project execution. The recognised productive activity of women includes non-monetised activities, activities carried out under the local money system set up, and activities under the traditional formal money system.

 

Section 08.20 Women’s rights of the project sets out how the rights of women and girls are promoted and protected in the project area.

 

Measurement : Analysis of the effective productive activities of women in comparison with those before the project began.  Analysis of the improvement in their quality of life at the moment of monitoring compared with what it was before the project began.

 

Sub-target 12 :  Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (IPU)

 

This project does not cover sub-target 12 directly. Project structures operate in parallel and in harmony with the traditional formal ones. The project foresees many structures at three different levels run by members chosen by the people themselves. Majority participation of women in all these structures at all levels is assured. Women therefore receive full training in the exercise of their rights within a democratic process. They take responsibility for project structures at all levels. This may facilitate their suitability as candidates in parliamentary elections.

 

The project area is itself not large enough to express a member of parliament, male or female. 

 

To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  an eventual improvement in the ratio of women  members of parliament to male members in the host country may become graphically visible. 

 

Measurement :  The real participation of women in project structures.  Statistics on women participating in local political structures in the project area after 24 months and compared  with similar statistics for the project area before the start of the project.

 


 

08.50.24 Goal 4 : Reduce child mortality.

 

08.50.24. 05 Target 05 :  Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five.

 

Sub-target 13 : Under-five mortality rate (UNICEF)

 

Older children receive hygiene education courses in schools. Mothers of small infants are members of health-clubs with on-going hygiene education courses. All children receive clean drinking water and good sanitary facilities. Smoke is eliminated from and around homes. Children receive a varied diet. Stagnant water is systematically eliminated. A complete waste recycling system is introduced. Mosquito nets are introduced. All of these help in the fight against and resistance to flies, mosquitoes and vermin.

 

Section 05.47 Health aspects describes in detail steps taken by the project to improve children’s health and reduce child mortality..

 

Measurement : Comparison between child mortality statistics for the project area before project start-up and at the moment new information is gathered.

 

Sub-target 14 : Infant mortality rate (UNICEF)

 

All children receive hygiene education courses in schools. Mothers are members of health-clubs with on-going hygiene education courses. All children receive clean drinking water and good sanitary facilities. Smoke is eliminated from and around homes. Children receive a varied diet. Stagnant water is systematically eliminated. A complete waste recycling system is introduced. Mosquito nets are introduced. All of these help in the fight against and resistance to flies, mosquitoes and vermin.

 

Section 05.47 Health aspects describes in detail steps taken by the project to improve children’s health and reduce infant mortality.

 

Measurement : Comparison between infant mortality statistics for the project area before project start-up and at the moment new information is gathered.

 

Sub-target 15 : Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles (UNICEF)

 

This sub-target is excluded from the project as it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health. If paid by the local populations, it is a cause of financial leakage from the project area, leakage the project itself is designed to stop. Children receive clean drinking, water, good sanitary facilities and a varied diet. They are less likely to be excessively weakened by sicknesses such as malaria and diarrhoea.

 

Some experts question the need for child vaccination campaigns in all circumstances. In any case decisions concerning campaigns for the vaccination of children and payment for them are outside the scope of the project.

 

Section 05.47 Health aspects describes in detail steps taken by the project to protect children’s health.

 

Measurement : Comparison between measles immunisation statistics for the project area before project start-up and at the moment new information is gathered. It is not expected the proportion will be necessarily  be higher that it was in the beginning.

 


 

08.50.25 Goal 5 : Improve maternal health.

 

08.50.25. 06 Target 06 :  Reduce by three quarters the maternity mortality ratio.

 

                         Sub-target 16 : Maternity mortality ratio

 

                        The project addresses sub-target 16 indirectly only.

  

        Programmes for pre-natal checks, the availability of qualified midwives and professional medical assistance in case of problems are the responsibility of the

        Ministry of Health.

 

        Women’s health will be substantially improved as project execution progresses. Women (and children) will enjoy an improved diet, clean drinking water, proper

        sanitation facilities,  cleaner smoke-free living environment and a lower work load etc. Improved quality of life is expected to help improve the maternal mortality

        ratio.

 

        Bicycle ambulance services will be generally available throughout the project area. Generic (non-specialised) nursing services will be locally available.

 

Section 05.47 Health aspects describes in detail what the project can do and what it cannot do in relation to improvement of the maternity mortality ratio.

 

Measurement :  Comparison of the maternity mortality ratio in the project area before project start-up and at the moment new information is gathered.

                     

Sub-target 17 : Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel.

 

                        The project does not address sub-target 17 directly.

  

        The availability of qualified midwives and professional medical assistance in case of problems is mainly the responsibility of the Ministry of Health.

 

Section 05.47 Health aspects describes in detail what the project can do and what it cannot do in relation increasing the proportion of births attended by skilled

health personnel.

       

Measurement :  Comparison of the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel in the project area before project start-up and at the moment

new information is gathered.

 


 

08.50.26 Goal  6: Combat HIV/AIDS malaria and other diseases.

 

08.50.26. 07 Target 07 :  Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

 

                        Sub-target 18 : HIV prevalence among 15-24 year-old pregnant women (UNAIDS)

 

                        Limitation of this sub-target to one priority group of women (excluding other women and excluding men)  is extraordinary and leaves many questions begging.

 

                        The project does not address prophylactic aspects related to HIV/AIDS infections. These are considered to be the responsibility of the Ministry of Health.

                        Where cures for HIV/AIDS have to be paid for locally they cause serious financial leakage from the project area. This leakage blocks integrated development there.

                      

                        The project does on the other hand cover both prevention of HIV/AIDS and nursing (comfort) for those infected.

       

        Every woman in the project area participates in permanent health clubs with on-going hygiene education training. For details of the health clubs and the

                        hygiene education courses refer to section 05.12 Creation of the hygiene education structures. Hygiene education courses are also provided in all

                        schools. All school-age children will be expected to benefit from full courses for primary and secondary education.  

 

Local generic nursing facilities will be set up a local level as described in section  05.47 Health aspects.  A three tier social security network is built into

project structures to guarantee solidarity with the sick and the handicapped. This structure is described in 05.16 Creation of the social security structure.

 

Measurement :  Comparison of the proportion of 15-24 year old HIV-infected pregnant women in the project area before project start-up and at the moment

new information is gathered.

 

Sub-target 19 : Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate and population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of

                        HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, UNICEF, UN Population Division, WHO)

 

                        The project does not address prophylactic aspects related to HIV/AIDS infections.

                     

        Every woman in the project area participates in permanent health clubs with on-going hygiene education training. For details of the health clubs and the

hygiene education courses refer to 05.12 Creation of the hygiene education structures. Hygiene education courses are also provided in all

                        schools. All school-age children will be expected to benefit from full course for primary and secondary education.  

 

                         It is expected that the hygiene education courses provided cover the use of condoms.

 

                        The project does not directly address education in the use of contraceptives for males above school age. The reason for this is the practical difficulty in

        reaching the target group to make the courses effective. Males are free to attend Health Club meetings and hygiene education courses, but it is not expected

        many will actually do so.

 

        The project structures can be made available for the group purchase and systematic local distribution of condoms against re-imbursement of their original

        formal money delivered cost. Condoms imported into the project area and paid for in formal money,  represent, just like proprietary medicines, a cause of financial

        leakage from the project area.

 

Measurement :  Comparison of the subject rate in the project area before project start-up and at the moment new information is gathered.

 

        Sub-target 20 : Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14 years.

 

In principle ALL children in each project area will enjoy a full course of both primary and secondary education. The project can use a local money system to build new schools near users’ homes, furnish them, and supply them with drinking water and sanitation facilities. The local population can contribute to or pay all of the costs of these activities, provided labour and materials used come from within the project area itself.  Qualified teachers or students with qualifications enabling them to take up teaching activities who are willing to work entirely or in part under the local Money system set up by the project can take up service rapidly. In that case full primary education in the project area can be implemented within two or three years.

 

Full exploitation of the system depends however on the availability of teachers.  It may also depend, at least in part, on the willingness of the Ministry of Education to pay the teachers at least part of their salary  in formal money where they are not willing to work entirely under the local money system set up..

 

A three tier social security network is built into project structures to guarantee solidarity with orphans. This structure is described in 05.16 Creation of the social security structure. Where necessary homes to look after orphan children will organised at local level under the local money system set up. This is viewed as a normal local money economic activity. The social security structures will decide on a case by case basis how the local money costs of the service are to be

distributed.

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of full primary education there is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the percentage of children in the host country who are going to school  would become graphically visible. 

       

Measurement :  Comparison of the number of school attendance of  “HIV/AIDS orphans” in the project area before project start-up and at the moment new information is gathered.  Proportion of the number of school attendees who are  “HIV/AIDS orphans” in the project area with the number of “HIV/AIDS orphans”. This should be 100%.

 

 08.50.26. 08 Target 08 :  Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

 

                        Sub-target 21 : Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria (WHO).

 

The project provides multiple preventive measures against malaria and other infectious diseases.

 

These are described in detail in section 05.47 Health aspects  of the project.

                          

                        Children and women receive on-going hygiene education courses as described in section 05.12 Creation of the hygiene education structures. Clean

drinking water is obtained from properly prepared and protected water points as described in section 05.41 Drinking water supply structures. Proper

ecological sanitation structures are installed in homes, schools, clinics and public places as described in  05.42 Sanitation structures . A complete system

for the recycling of waste is provided as described in 05.43 Waste recycling structures.  All stagnant waters are drained under the local money systems set

up.  Klamboes (mosquito nets) and fly-catchers using local materials will be locally produced and distributed under the local money systems.  Nursing

facilities will be locally available.

 

Measurement: comparison of malaria statistics at the moment of the analysis with the situation at the beginning of the project.

 

                        Sub-target 22 : Proportion of Population in Malaria Risk areas using Effective Malaria Prevention and Treatment measures. (UNICEF).

 

The project makes a distinction between measures for the prevention of malaria and the treatment of malaria.

 

The project provides multiple preventive measures against malaria and other infectious diseases.

 

These are described in detail in section 05.47 Health aspects  of the project.

                          

                        Children and women receive on-going hygiene education courses as described in section 05.12 Creation of the hygiene education structures. Clean

drinking water is obtained from properly prepared and protected water points as described in section 05.41 Drinking water supply structures. Proper

ecological sanitation structures are installed in homes, schools, clinics and public places as described in  05.42 Sanitation structures . A complete system

for the recycling of waste is provided as described in 05.43 Waste recycling structures.  All stagnant waters are drained under the local money systems set

up.  Klamboes (mosquito nets) and fly-catchers using local materials will be locally produced and distributed under the local money systems.  Nursing

facilities will be locally available.

 

The project does not cover formal money costs of  proprietary medicines for  the treatment of malaria as these costs represent a source of financial leakage

from the project area. It is considered in the interests of integrated development to take extensive preventive measures to eradicate (as far as possible)

mosquitoes taking full advantage of the local money system set up, than to pay to cure the results of their presence.

 

Measurement: comparison of malaria statistics at the moment of the analysis with the situation at the beginning of the project.

 

Sub-target 23 : Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis (WHO)

 

The project does not address sub-target 23 directly. Detection and cure of tuberculosis are considered to be mainly the responsibility of the Ministry of Health.

 

Measurement: comparison of statistics for deaths associated with TB at the moment of the analysis with the situation at the beginning of the project.

 

Sub-target 24 : Proportion of Tuberculosis Cases detected and Cured under Directly-Observed Treatment Short Courses (WHO)

 

The project does not address sub-target 24 directly. Detection and cure of tuberculosis are considered to be mainly the responsibility of the Ministry of Health.

 

The local nursing units set up under the project can be used for carrying out directly-observed treatment short courses. Since the nursing units operate under the

local money system set up, the cost of treatment to the Ministry of Health is substantially reduced. Formal money costs for treatment paid by patients in the

project area lead to financial leakage from the project area.

 

Measurement: comparison of statistics for treatment of TB patients in the project area at the moment of the analysis with those at the beginning of the project.

 


 

08.50.27 Goal 7 : Ensure environmental sustainability.

 

08.50.27. 09 Target 09 :  Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources.

 

                        Sub-target 25 :Forested land as a percentage of land area (FAO)

 

Natural reserves in the project area are protected.  Services not currently available because of lack of funds can be carried out under the local money systems set up by the project.

 

The steps taken in the course of project execution to protect the environment are described in detail in section 08.30 The ecological aspects of the project.

 

The project provides for the introduction of 20.000 – 30.000 high efficiency cookers in at least 10.000 families using mini-briquettes made from recycled waste materials and locally cultivated bio-mass. Assuming a fuel saving of 6.5 kg/day of fuel in each family, savings amount to 65 tons of wood per day or 23725 tons per year. Converted into tons of CO2, that is 18705 tons of CO2 per year. Assuming a market value of  Euro 24 per ton of CO2, this amounts to a credit of nearly €450.000 per project per year to which other cost and time savings can be added. Over ten years this alone would be enough to finance the project. As described in 09.33 CER certificates Kyoto Treaty : programme of activities as a single CDM project activity some timid steps are being taken to help groups of smaller projects participate in emission rights trading.  Carefully managed high application and compliance costs have so far kept them out.

 

The project therefore contributes to the conservation and increase of forested land in the project area as a percentage of land area.

 

Details of conservation are set out in section 05.49 Reforestation of the project.

 

Since the project area is limited, the increase of the forested part of it is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the increase of forested land  would become graphically visible. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement: comparison of the percentage of forested land in the project areas at the moment of the analysis with that at the beginning of the project.

 

Sub-target 26 :Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area (UNEP)

 

Natural reserves in the project area are protected.  Conservation services not currently available because of lack of funds can be carried out under the local money systems set up by the project. The use of wood and charcoal for cooking is eliminated. The project therefore contributes to the conservation and increase of forested land in the project area as a percentage of land area.

 

The steps taken in the course of project execution to protect the environment are described in detail in section 08.30 The ecological aspects of the project.

 

The project provides in particular for the creation of seed banks and nurseries for the conservation and propagation of threatened local species.

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement: comparison of the percentage of area dedicated to the maintenance of biological diversity in the project areas at the moment of the analysis with

that at the beginning of the project.

 

Sub-target 27 : Energy supply (apparent consumption: kg oil equivalent) per $ 1.000 (PPP) GDP (World Bank)

 

The authors of this project consider energy supply (and therefore energy consumption) inappropriate as a measure of development and more in the interests of multinationals than in the interests of people in poor countries. Importation of energy into the project area for formal money is one of the main causes of financial leakage and therefore of poverty there. This project is designed to stop that financial leakage.

 

The principles behind this project do not reflect monetarist approaches based on the arbitrary “$ 1.000 (PPP)” concept in sub-target 27. Project results reflect subjective evaluations of the actual quality of life of the people in the project area. These evaluations include the benefits of non-monetised productive activities and of all transactions carried out under the local money system set up in an early phase of  project execution.

 

It is a principle of the project that energy used in the project area be ecologically sustainably produced there for local consumption. In principle therefore the amount of energy produced and consumed there is irrelevant.

 

The most energy-intensive activity in the project zone is fuel for cooking. Local bio-mass and recycled waste are used for the local production of mini-briquettes for locally produced high efficiency cooking stoves. Wide use is made of solar energy technologies. Oil producing plants and trees, including Jatropha, will be locally grown on a small scale to produce small amounts of bio-diesel for local, priority, applications.

 

Measurement :  statistics on energy use in the project area areas at the moment of the analysis with that at the beginning of the project.

 

Sub-target 28 : Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) and consumption of ozone depleting CFCs (ODP tons)

 

The steps taken in the course of project execution to protect the environment are described in detail in section 08.30 The ecological aspects of the project.

 

Most carbon dioxide emissions in the project area come from cooking activities. The project provides for the introduction of 20.000 – 30.000 high efficiency cookers in at least 10.000 families using mini-briquettes made from recycled waste materials and locally cultivated bio-mass. Assuming a fuel saving of 6.5 kg/day of fuel in each family, savings amount to 65 tons of wood per day or 23725 tons per year. Converted into tons of CO2, that is 18705 tons of CO2 per year. Assuming a market value of  Euro 24 per ton of CO2, this amounts to a credit of nearly €450.000 per project per year to which other cost and time savings can be added. Over ten years this alone would be enough to finance the project. As described in 09.33 CER certificates Kyoto Treaty : programme of activities as a single CDM project activity some timid steps are being taken to help groups of smaller projects participate in emission rights trading.  Carefully managed high application and compliance costs have so far kept them out.

 

Inefficient kerosene lighting, another source of carbons dioxide emissions, will be replaced by solar lighting systems.

 

Products incorporating CFCs have to be imported into the project area. This contributes to financial leakage from the project area and therefore to poverty there. This project is designed to stop that financial leakage.

 

The project will not use or distribute products incorporating CFCs but has no legal possibility itself of stopping people in the project area from using them, whether or not they are banned by national law. The project can inform the people in the area of the ecological risks involved in the use of  CFCs.

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of full primary education there is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the percentage of children in the host country who are going to school  would become graphically visible. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement :  statistics on CO2 emissions in the project area at the moment of the analysis with that at the beginning of the project. Statistics on CFC consumption in the project area at the moment of the analysis with that at the beginning of the project.

 

08.50.27. 10 Target 10 :  Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water.

 

                        Sub-target 30 : Proportion of the population with sustainable access to an improved water source (WHO/UNICEF)

 

The project provides a permanently sustainable clean drinking water (25 litres/person/day) supply to all inhabitants in the project area at water points situated within 150 metres from their homes. A back-up clean drinking water supply (another 25 litres/person/day) is provided through groups of hand pumps mounted next to wells and boreholes. Rainwater harvesting will be supplied and installed under the local money system set up in each of the 10.000 households in the project area. Clean drinking water will also be supplied in schools, clinics, and public places. 

 

The drinking water structures are described in detail in section 05.41 Drinking water supply structures of the project.

 

The rainwater harvesting structures are described in detail in section 05.48 Rainwater harvesting of the project.

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of drinking water supply there is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the proportion of the population with sustainable access to an improved water source would become graphically visible. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement: comparison of the percentage of population in the project areas with access to clean drinking water at the moment of the analysis with

that at the beginning of the project.

 

                        Sub-target 31 :Proportion of the population with access to improved sanitation (WHO/UNICEF)

 

The project provides permanently sustainable ecological sanitation structures for all inhabitants in the project area. This involves the installation of ecological

Sanitation facilities in each of the 10.000 homes in the project area, and in schools, clinics, and public places

 

The sanitation structures are described in detail in section 05.42 Sanitation structures  of the project.

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of supplying sanitation facilities there is unlikely  to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the proportion of the population with sustainable ecological sanitation facilities would become graphically visible. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement: comparison of the percentage of population in the project areas with improved sanitation at the moment of the analysis with that at the beginning of the project.

 

08.50.27. 11 Target 11 :  Achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.

 

                        Sub-target 32 :Slum population as percentage of urban population (secure tenure index) (UN Habitat)

 

The authors of this project believe all poverty should be eliminated by 2020; that any distinction between rural and slum dwellers is improper. They also believe that the elimination of slums is best carried out by significantly improving the quality of life of people living in rural areas, so that people no longer have any reason to move to urban centres. Some people who have already emigrated to urban centres may then wish to return to their rural areas of origin, where work opportunities will have become available.

 

Although the concepts of the Model under which this project has been drafted apply equally well in poor urban areas as they do to rural areas, priority should be given to execution of projects in rural areas.

 

Where projects under the Model are carried out in slum areas, the subject areas should cease to be slums.

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of project execution there is unlikely to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the reduction of the proportion of the population living in slums would become graphically visible. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement : not relevant to integrated development applications carried out in rural areas.

 


 

08.50.28 Goal 8 : Develop a global partnership for development.

 

08.50.28.12 Target 12 :  Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system. Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – both nationally and internationally.

 

This innovative project provides simple, down-to-earth practical solutions to poverty- and development-related problems in the project area. Section 6 of the project sets out step by step how the solutions are put into effect. The social, financial, productive and service structures described in section 5 of the project are set up in a critical order of sequence and carefully integrated with each other. That way, a cooperative, open, interest-free, inflation-free local economic environment is formed in the project area.  Local initiative and true competition are then free to flourish there.

Project concepts ensure that women play a majority, therefore dominating, role in all project structures and activities at all levels, including the financing of productive activities under the interest-free cost-free micro-credit loan system set up in an early phase of project execution. The recognised productive activity of women includes non-monetised activities, activities carried out under the local money system set up, and activities under the traditional formal money system.

 

Section 08.20 Women’s rights of the project sets out how the rights of women and girls are promoted and protected in the project area.

 

Since the population in each project area is just 50.000, the effect of project execution there is unlikely to be immediately visible on a national level where just one project is executed  To cover the entire population in the host country, about 20 such projects would be needed for each 1.000.000 people. As these projects are executed,  the reduction of the proportion of the population living in slums would become graphically visible. 

 

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

 

Measurement : Analysis of the effective productive activities in the project area in comparison with those before the project began.  Analysis of the improvement in their quality of life at the moment of monitoring compared with what it was before the project began.

 

08.50.28.13 Target 13 :  Address the special needs of the least developed countries. Includes tariff and quota free access for least developed countries’ exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPCs and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction.

This project is about local integrated development in the project area. Its purpose is to set up a cooperative, open, interest-free, inflation-free local economic environment in the project area.  Local initiative and true competition are then free to flourish there.

Several such projects in a given region form an economically powerful patchwork quilt of  cooperative, interest-free, inflation-free local economic systems.

Regional level systems in turn combine to form a powerful cooperative, interest-free, inflation-free balanced economic system at national level. Creation of further indebtedness at local, regional, and national level is blocked. Financial leakage from one local system to another and from one regional system to another is blocked.

The preparation of  a detailed regional or national plan following the Model on which this project is based costs about Euro 0.025 (2.5 eurocents) per person.

The project does not cover negotiations relating to tariffs and free access for exports from least developed countries, nor does it cover any ominously sounding “enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPCs” or the cancellation of bilateral debt.

 

Formal money investments of about €75 per person are needed to provide a good quality of life for all of the inhabitants in each project area. This is   €3.750.000

for each  project area with 50.000 inhabitants, or  € 75.000.000 for each 1.000.000 inhabitants.

 

It would therefore cost € 150.000.000.000 to guarantee a good quality of life for the poorest two billion people in the world. This is approximately four times the INCREASE in the 2002 United States defence budget authorised by Congress [1]. It is the cost of six months’ war in Iraq [2]. It is the current expected purchase price of 850 Joint Strike Fighters [3]. It is three months’ trade deficit of the United States (US$ 60.000.000.000 per month) [4]. It is half of the annual agricultural subsidies paid to western and northern farmers in 2001 (US$ 350.000.000.000) [5].  It is just twice the outgo of OECD donor countries for development aid in 2006, including debt relief (US$ 103.900.000.000) [6]. It is just 6% of the money  (US$ 2.300.000.000.000) spent by donor countries on development aid over the last 50 years [7].

 

Since initial seed finance for integrated development projects under the Model can be by way of interest-free ten year loan instead of by way of grant solution to the poverty problem has never been a financial problem and is not a financial problem today.

 

                        [1] U.S. Military Transformation, Center for Defense Information, Washington, 31 January 2002.

[2] Leonhardt D, What US$ 1.2 Trillion Can Buy, New York Times, 17 January 2007.  An Associated Press report from Washington D.C. dated  9 July 2007

cites a calculation made by the Congressional Research Service amounting  $610 billion Iraq war financing authorised by the U.S. Congress.

[3] Dutch audit office “Rekenkamer-JSF Kostbaar Investering,” from Sdu Dutch Government Information Service, 11 October 2006 (cost Euro 14.600.000.000 for 85 JSF fighter planes.

[4] Foreign Trade Statistics, FT900 : U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, U.S. Census Bureau, Release 8 June 2007.

[5] Watkins K. Eight broken promises, Oxfam briefing paper 9, Oxfam International, Washington, 2001 (US$ 350 billion in 2001).

[6] OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, press release “Development Aid from OECD countries fell 5.1% in 2006”, Paris, 3 April 2007

[7] Easterly, William, The White Man’s Burden – Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest have Done so much Ill and so Little Good, Penguin Press, London, 2006.

 

Measurement :  Not considered relevant to integrated development projects under the Model.

 

08.50.28.14 Target 14 :  Address the special needs of the landlocked countries and small island states.

This project is hosted by a landlocked country.

 

The concepts behind the Model used for this project apply equally well to landlocked countries and to small island states as they do to any other poor rural or urban area, including poor rural and urban areas in industrialised countries.

 

08.50.28.15 Target 15 :  Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable over the long term.

 

The authors of this project do not agree with the concept of  “sustainable debt”. As foreseen by the American President Thomas Jefferson [1], Abraham Lincoln [2] and many others, the currently dominating debt-based world-wide money system works against integrated development . It works in the interests of a privileged few. The purpose of this project is, instead, to guarantee a good quality of life for all in the project area. As economist Silvio Gesell put it : "Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them".[3]

 

[1] Jefferson Thomas, letter dated 28 May 1816, source John Taylor, Writings, Literary Classics of the United States, New York, 1984.

[2] Letter van Abraham Lincoln to (Col.) William F. Elkins, November 21, 1864, Archer H. Shaw, The Lincoln Encyclopædia, (Macmillan, 1950, NY) p.40.

[3] Gesell Silvio, The Natural Economic Order, revised English edition, Peter Owen, London 1958, page 228

 

Measurement :  Not considered relevant to integrated development projects under the Model.

 

08.50.28.16 Target 16 :  In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth.

 

This project ensures productive work for all in the project area.  Including productive work for youth. The project supports local production initiatives at individual, family, and cooperative level. It does not recognise the employer-employee relationship. The cooperative project structures set up during project execution operate in parallel with, but do not replace, existing formal money ones. Employer-employee relations can be freely exercised in project areas in the formal money sphere, outside of the project structures. They will not be supported by the project.  

 

For details see section 05.37 Job creation of the project.

 

Measurement :  Not considered relevant to integrated development projects under the Model.

 

08.50.28.17 Target 17 :  In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.

 

The authors of this project believe target 17 to be more in the interests of pharmaceuticals multinationals than of those of the people in developing countries. Protected like a holy cow and promoted by massive propaganda campaigns, expenditure world-wide on medicines is rarely questioned. Yet, where medicines are purchased outside a given integrated development project area, they cause serious financial leakage, and are therefore a major cause of poverty, there. Where medicines are purchased by industrialised countries for use as aid to developing ones, the amount of aid available for productivity increase and integrated development in poor areas is usually correspondingly decreased. In practice therefore, aid funds finish up in the pockets of multinationals without solving concrete development problems.

 

This project deals directly wherever possible with the eradication at origin of the causes of disease rather than with their consequences.

 

Measurement :  Not considered relevant to integrated development projects under the Model.

 

08.50.28.18 Target 18 :  In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications technologies.

 

The authors of this project believe target 18 to be more in the interests of industrialised countries than in those of the people in developing ones.

 

In particular, control of information and communications technologies is mostly in the hands of a few large multinational interests. Internet and telephone networks are centralised. They are outside areas where integrated development projects take place. Their widespread use in poor areas therefore leads to massive financial leakage from them, and is one of the main causes of poverty there.  

 

The project approves and uses carefully selected professional applications of new technologies exclusively for productive purposes.

 

The project also sets up a local radio station.

 

 It also incorporates numerous alternative energy applications, especially solar energy.

 

Measurement :  Description of the new technologies applied during project execution and the extent of their application.

 

 

Next file : 08.60 Avoidance of corruption risks.

Back : 08.40 The project and food security.

 


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