Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener 50,
1771 ED Wieringerwerf,
The Netherlands.
Tel:
0031-227-604128
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail: (nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
Incorporating
innovative social, financial, economic, local administrative and productive
structures, numerous renewable energy applications, with an important role for
women in poverty alleviation in rural and poor urban environments.
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"
Gesell, Silvio The
Natural Economic Order
Revised English
edition, Peter Owen, London 1958, page 228
Edition 11: 31 October,
2007
List of illustrations.
DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.
The structures necessary for
clean and sufficient drinking water supply are the ones calling for the
heaviest input in terms of formal capital. The structures will be set up during
the course of a Moraisain organisational workshop which will follow the
formation of most of the other structures foreseen. The following indications
will be subject to modifications, some of them substantial. They will, however,
give an idea of the dimensions of the project.
There are no existing wells
in the villages/areas in question so wells will have to be be dug and lined, or
boreholes drilled and lined where necessary. The wells should be sited as close
as possible to the users. The water then has to be pumped through pipelines
from the wells to above-ground tanks situated near the users' houses, so that
no-one need go more than 150m from home to fetch water.
The solar pumps are capable of carrying water under pressure over
several kilometers. Multiple small high-efficiency pumps in place of larger
(but much less efficient) ones are proposed to guarantee a safe constant water
supply. If one pump needs maintenance, or if one water pipeline is accidentally
damaged, the other pumps continue working.
Taking the project area into account, water should be found at a
maximum depth of +/- (number) m. On average the water table should be at (number) m. below the surface.
Water quality must be checked and water sourced from deeper aquifers if necessary.
The wells will normally be
2m outside diameter and 1.8m internal diameter.
Should it be necessary to drill boreholes, the per person costs for the
wells may be higher than the figures shown in the indicative budget.
The wells must be well protected against soil instability, using
linings locally made in gypsum
composite products factories which are an integral part of the project. The
wells must be sealed so that surface water cannot flow back down the well. Hand
pumps and platforms must be built so that the users' feet remain dry and never
come in contact with water. Access to the handpumps/wells must always be dry.
For instance, shingle or similar materials can be used so that users' feet
always remain dry.
The layout of a typical well installation is shown in: DRAWING OF WATER
SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
Hand pump platform.
The
choice of hand pumps should be such that hand pump platforms do not need to be
placed directly over the well or borehole, but at an appropriate point near or
at a distance from it.
Illustration
of a recommended hand pump platform.
List of drinking water requirements.
The assessment of drinking water requirements is carried out on the
basis of an average distance not exceeding 10-200 meters between each home and
a drinking water point. A basic drinking water supply of at least 25 litres per
person per day is foreseen. A further 25 litres per person per day is usually
made available as a back-up at protected boreholes and wells, which are placed further away. The project also provides for domestic
rainwater harvesting systems designed to supply an extra 25 litres per person
per day of non-potable water for personal uses such as washing and cleaning.
Water is not required for sanitation purposes, as dry composting eco-sanitation
toilet systems are expected to be used.
Example of calculation of drinking water requirements.
(Village
name).
See map (refer
to map in the maps files).
a) Inhabitants.
(number) family groups,
(number) population.
Drinking water supply required @ 25 litres per person per day = (amount)
liters/day.
b) Source of nearest
electricity supply.
c) Available clean drinking
water supply
(boreholes)(wells)(handpumps).
d) Social structures.
There are also:
(number) Primary schools
--How many
children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school
already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the
school connected to the electricity network?
(number)
Intermediate schools
--How many
children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school
already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school
connected to the electricity network?
(number)
Hospitals/clinics
--Number of beds?
--Number of nurses and
doctors
--Daily number of
visitors?
--Existing water
supply?
--Connected to
electricity network?
--Water requirements??
(number) Tourist
attractions.
--Number of persons present
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity
network?
--Water requirements??
(number) Market places.
--Number of persons present? How
often? How long?
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity
network?
--Water requirements??
(number) Churches, mosques,
temples
(Description of use)
e) Adaptation existing water
supply?
How can existing water supply structures be brought within the project
structures?
Are there any ownership restrictions?
How can they be solved?
f) New
drinking water supply.
From
several (number) large diameter wells or boreholes, pump a total of (amount)m3
of drinking water per day.
g) Siting of
boreholes/wells.
(List indicative sites of each well or borehole).
h) Pump
installations in each well or borehole.
Each well with (number)
Solar Spring (or a suitable alternative) high pressure solar pumps, for
a total of (number) solar pumps for all of the wells and boreholes together.
The solar pumps installed in each well are dedicated according to the
following criteria:
1.
One solar pump dedicated to a water tank installation supplying each
(number, usually 200-300) users, being
(number, usually 40-50) families.
2.
Schools in each well commission area : one solar pump dedicated to
a drinking water tank installation
for each school.
3.
Clinics in each well commission area : TWO DEDICATED PUMPS each serving one
drinking water tank with (at least 15m3 per day).
4.
Important market places, tourist attractions, public buildings. Separate systems may
be installed where the number of users justifies them.
Each well with triple unit inertia (or alternative hydraulic) back-up
handpump-system next to it, for a total of (number) hand pumps for all of the
wells and boreholes together. In wells or boreholes serving very small
communities, a single unit back-up handpump may be sufficient.
i) The average
expected distance between each well or borehole listed in f) and the solar
pumps installed in it in g) is : (number) metres.
j) Description
of each well or borehole system.
-
The well or borehole itself.
-
(Number) solar pumps with accompanying electronics.
-
Photovoltaic panel sets being ( indicate peaks watts to be installed
– usually 300-400 Wp) (number
(usually 4 panels with a nominal rating between 75 and 100Wp) for each solar
pump isntalled, together with panel support fitted with a multipoint
handtracking system.
-
Fence or similar around PV panel installations.
A triple handpump system as backup. (In very small communities a single unit
back-up handpump may be sufficient.)
-
A hand pump platform.
-
A washing place.
-
Sink pits for water drainage.
-
Paths for users, whose feet must always remain dry.
-
Simple accommodation for guardians.
-
Any other buildings for well-commission level services which may be
installed in the well or borehole area. An example of these is the local money
system transaction registration units.
-
Any communal gardens for the recycling of waste water run-off.
k) Description of each drinking water tank installation.
l)
Well commission ownership.
Ownership
of the following structures is vested in each well commission:
-
The ground where the well or borehole installations are placed.
-
The well or borehole itself.
-
The fence or similar around PV panel installations.
The back-up hand pump system.
-
The hand pump platform.
-
The washing place.
-
The sink pits for water drainage.
-
The paths for users, whose feet must always remain dry.
-
The simple accommodation for guardians.
-
Any ground and communal gardens used for the recyling of waste water
run-off.
The following drawings and graphs form an integral
part of this project proposal.
Refer
to list of maps
Summary of water supply (example)
Inhabitants : 47495
Boreholes : 32
Approximately litres/day 1.296.000 (1296 m3)
Solar pumps installed : 189
Installed photovoltaic power : 56.7 KW
15 m3 water tanks :189
Back-up hand pumps : 96 being 32 triple sets.
Pipelines from boreholes to water tanks
(estimation) : 200000m.
List of files on hygiene education,
water supply and sanitation.
Complete index of project work files.