Director,
T.E.(Terry)
Manning,
Schoener
50,
1771 ED
Wieringerwerf,
The
Tel:
0031-227-604128
Homepage:
http://www.flowman.nl
E-mail:
(nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet
Incorporating innovative
social, financial, economic, local administrative and productive structures,
numerous renewable energy applications, with an important role for women in
poverty alleviation in rural and poor urban environments.
"Money is not the key that
opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"
Gesell, Silvio The Natural
Economic Order
Revised English edition, Peter
Owen, London 1958, page 228
Edition 11:
Annexe
E
Analysis
of the financial viability and the
economic justification économique of the project and of its environmental impact
I
Introduction
Description
Component C
Sustainability
III.1:
Sustainable results with respect to the populations.
The
action sets up a complete range of permanent basic services for the benefit of
the entire population in the project area. The services in question include social, financial and productive
structures and service , entirely managed and maintained by the populations
themselves, who own them. The populations pay a monthly contribution of between
Euro 0,60 and Euro 0,75 per person into a Cooperative Local Development Fund.
Part of the monthly contributions
covers the formal money costs of management, for example the cost of spare parts
for capital goods which cannot be produced locally. The greatest part of the
monthly contributions is used to finance interest-free micro-credits for
productivity increase. A large capital fund build up in the Fund during the
first ten year project activity period. The accumulated amount is comparable to
the initial formal money investments made in Euro and amounts to about Euro 3.000.000.
At
the end of the ten years' period, on repayment, where appropriate, of the ten
year interest-free loan, large capital reserves will again be built up during
the following ten years for use in Micro-credits and, subsequently, for the
extension and renewal of the capital goods. In case of loan repayment after ten
years, funds available for interest-free micro-credits will be reduced to zero.
Since the families continue to make their monthly payments to the Cooperative
Local Development Fund, the capital in the Fund for micro-credits will gradually
build up again during the second ten-year period as it did during the first period of ten
years and is then available for the replacement of capital items goods. The
system continues indefinitely and sustainably in cycles of ten years to cover project
extensions and the replacement of capital goods. Where the original seed funding
was by way of grant, the large amount of capital in the Fund at the close of the
first period of ten years will continue to circulate to finance interest-free
micro-credits. It can also be used to finance extensions to project
structures.
III.2:
Environment.
An
initial report
on the environmental impact of the project has been prepared and is attached
to the project documentation.
The
project is 100% ecological.
It
is based on the utilisation of renewable energies and in particular on
photovoltaic energy application for clean drinking water supply. The sanitation
structures foreseen are of the
dry-composting eco-sanitation type with on-site recycling of organic wastes.
Urine and faeces never have the chance of mixing with surface or underground
waters.
Non-organic
wastes are collected and locally recycled wherever possible in the project area
in support of local productive activities carried out within the framework of
local money systems set up as part of the project. The utilisation of
high-efficiency cooking-stoves using locally produced mini-briquettes promotes the elimination of smoke
hazards and fine particles inside and around users’ homes. The mini-briquettes
replace wood, charcoal and traditional fuels, safeguarding forests, local
eco-systems, and the flora and fauna in the project area. The local financial
systems set up enable the people to pay for guards to defend and conserve the
natural resources in the project area and for the responsible promotion of
tourism there.
The
production of articles from gypsum composites is also entirely ecological. The
work cycle is such that very small quantities of water used during one phase of
the cycle are recycled during a second phase, without the loss of any
contaminated or used water into the environment. Gypsum composite products are
always repairable on site. If they are no longer needed, they can be returned to
the factories for 100% recycling for the manufacture of new products. Used
material is never lost in the environment, where, furthermore it would never
cause harm to persons or things.
Use
of gypsum composite materials may bring with it some risk of fine dust in and
immediately round the production units and the gypsum quarries. Appropriate
means of protection for eyes and lungs should be adopted where gypsum is worked
in confined areas. Gypsum mining and manufacture in the production units is
manual and on a very small scale, to the order of a few hundred tons a year.
Use
of gypsum could in principle require the re-location of families whose homes are
literally situated on the gypsum deposits. However, the amount of material to be
consumed is so small, that re-location is extremely
improbable.
III.3:
Integrated water resources management.
The
project concerns relatively small amounts of drinking water (about 1500m3 per
day) and the management of supplementary rain-water harvested at household
level. Measures to improve drainage of public places are also foreseen as part
of a general campaign to reduce the incidence of water-borne diseases in the
project area. All possibility of contact between contaminated water and
surface and underground waters is
eliminated.
Activities
carried out under this project are independent of other eventual plans for
large-scale regional or national management of water resources. However they
inherently supplement and can be integrated in any such
plans.
III.4: Sanitation and hygiene
education.
Sanitation
and hygiene education are both basic components of project activities. Complete
eco-sanitation systems will be installed in each of the 10.000 homes in the
project area and in schools and public places. Production installation and
maintenance of these systems and of structures to house them are carried out under the local money
systems set up in an early phase of the project without the need for any formal
money.
III.5: Social
aspects.
An
important role in project education is reserved for women, both in relation to
the management of the structures set up and to the benefits they bring to the
population. The very first structures created are the Health Clubs which enable
women to organise themselves to play an active role in the tank commissions,
which are the heart of the project. The tasks of the tank commissions are set in
details and graphically illustrated in the project documentation. Women no
longer have to fetch firewood and water. Smoke hazards are eliminated at
household level. The introduction of local money systems enables women to
monetise their work. Each family will on an average receive interest-free
micro-credit loans for Euro 1500 for productivity increase during the first ten
years’ project cycle.
The
proposed activities to not involved the treatment of HIV/AIDS directly. However,
they do have a powerful indirect impact on social environments where HIV/AIDS is
a problem. First, through the permanent and institutionalised activities of the
Health Clubs and hygiene education courses in the schools. Secondly the a
gradual reinforcement of the role of women in the community. Finally, through
the possibility of improved nursing and care which can be made available to
patients within the framework of the local money systems set
up.
The
elderly, the sick and the handicapped living in the project area all benefit
fully, without exclusion, from all of the benefits created as a result of
project execution. The financial structures set up offer advanced social
security protection at several levels in respect of their formal money
obligations to the Cooperative Local Development Fund and for their consumer
debits under the local money systems. For instance the debit points accumulated
by an elderly, sick or handicapped person under the local money systems can be
distributed amongst the adult members (some of them, the youngest, or all of
them) of his family; of the entire group referring to a given tank commission;
of the entire group referring to a well commission; or where appropriate to the
entire group in the project area.
The
structures set up should lead over a period of a few years of operation to full
employment in the project area, including employment for handicapped people such
as the blind. A cooperative local radio-telephone communications structure, for
instance, could alone give employment
to 400-600 blind people. Such initiatives are not specifically included
in this project, as they are not directly related to hygiene education or
drinking water supply or sanitation. Since they would involve an initial formal
money capital input for transmission equipment, a separate item for them could
be included in the project budget where this is an option acceptable to
financing parties.
III.6:
Financial aspects.
The
financial concepts introduced in this project are innovative. Formal money
maintenance costs, essentially for spare parts for certain structures, are
covered by the monthly formal money contributions paid by families into the
Cooperative Local Development Fund. The operation of this Fund is described in
section III.1 above and in the project documentation which also contains a
graphic presentation. Maintenance related labour and administration costs are
covered under the local money systems set up. The local money units rotate
continuously in the local community. Their value is referred to the perceived
value of an hour’ work. Powerful social control exists over the work and the
services offered. In principle, the cost of maintenance of structures and
services expressed in local money units is not important, as it is in any case
recycled locally. To take an
improbably example, the cost of a full-time drinking water supply system
maintenance cooperative would represent an annual debit the equivalent of one
hour’s work for each of the 35000 adults in the project area. Social insurance
aspects protecting the weakest members of the community are described in section
III.5 above.
The
payments made by families into the Cooperative Local Development Fund typically
amount to between Euro 3 and Euro 4 per family of fiver persons per month. The
project makes a wide range of services available to the beneficiary families.
Savings on their former formal money expenditure for these services should be
higher than the monthly
contribution to the Fund. Consider for example savings in the cost of drinking
water and fire-wood for cooking. Consider the social and financial advantages
created by the project and the
introduction of interest-free micro-credits
The
budget includes complete details on the financial management of the structures
set up. For the complete package of services offered, a monthly contribution
of Euro 0,60 per person per month
by 50.000 people produces a total annual contribution of Euro 360.000. Only Euro 100.000 in
formal money is needed for management and maintenance of the system. The remaining part of the income is
continuously recycled in the form of interest-free micro-credits for
productivity increase. Within ten years this fund will have accumulated at least
Euro 3.000.000, taking repayment of initial loans for productive activities
made during the first two years’
execution phase of the project. At the same time, each family will on an average
have enjoyed interest-free micro-credit loans for at least Euro 1.500 for the
increase of the own productivity.
The
relationship between formal money revenues and formal money maintenance and
administration costs, can, according to the concepts applied in this project,
only be positive. Compare this with financial principles traditional adopted for
international development projects. In this sense, the project constitutes a
world-wide precedent, as it is inherently permanently
sustainable.
III.7: Institutional
aspects.
The
social, financial and productive structures and services set up by the project
operate independently of but in full harmony with the existing political and
administrative structures in the project area. They operate freely and
voluntarily in parallel with the existing structures. They do not substitute the
existing structures. Except for works and services carried out for the execution
of the project itself, users are always free to choose whether a given
transaction be carried out under the local money system set up or under the
traditional formal money system.
The
local populations themselves carry out most of the work and services needed for
project execution. They manage and maintain the structures. They make formal
money and local money contributions necessary for the management, maintenance
and long-term replacement and extension of the structures of which they are
themselves the owners. Operation and maintenance are carried out by permanent
locally owned project structures and
by local cooperatives and operators.
Economic
and financial feasibility.
V.1:
Description of the resources.
The
principles applied to the execution of this project follow two innovative lines.
The
first is that the formal money (Euro) funds are almost exclusively destined for
the purchase of goods and services which are not locally available. For example,
the purchase of solar pumping systems and the solar panels for them. The local
populations are responsible for most of the work and services necessary for
project execution. The creation of
the structures necessary for them to do this takes place through a series of
Moraisian capacitation workshops, during which the people themselves set them
up. The people themselves become, as it were, the structures. Their contribution
in works and services is for this project estimated to amount to 3.400.000
working hours carried out within the framework of the local money systems set
up. These have been converted into Euro at the rate of Euro 3 for each eight-hour working day,
producing a local direct contribution by the populations of about Euro
1.250.000, or about 25% of the total project cost. The budget fully justifies
the number of hours worked by the local populations for each budgeted
activity. The 3.400.000 hours of
work represent a true mobilisation of the local populations, 10% (about 4.000 person) of whom are permanently
usefully employed as a result of the project application.
The
second innovative line of approach is that, with the exception of the very first
structures leading to the creation of the local financial structures, the
management structures have to be set up before the formal money capital project
funds can be spent. Without the presence of the local social and financial
structures, no formal money investment, for example for drinking water
structures, can take place. This is because the local money structures under
which the project works have to be paid, have not yet been formed. For
example, the installation of solar pumps for the supply of distributed drinking
water cannot take place until the water tanks are ready. The water tanks cannot
be built until the gypsum composite construction units are in place. The gypsum
composite construction units cannot be built until the local money systems have
been set up. The local money
systems cannot be set up until women’s participation in the structures is
assured. Women’s cannot organise themselves until they are given a platform, the
formation of the Health Clubs, enabling them to do so.
The
role of the applicant NGO, despite indications often given in the guidelines
published by donor organisation, is the permanent on-going monitoring of project
execution, which is for a large part carried out by the local populations
themselves under the guidance of the project-coordinator and his team. The
inhabitants work through the social, financial and productive structures they
set up. They follow the indications given them by a project coordinator and by a
general consultant, who for this first project is the author of the concepts,
who will work for just the current
pro-diem tariff foreseen by the European Union for expatriates in the
host country. In some specific areas, the project coordinator will obtain the
help of a single specialist, provided the specialist can be found within the
time span available. In the absence of a specialist, the general consultant will
take his place.
V.2
Relationship between the project activities and the expected
results.
The
whole package of services provided by the project costs less in formal money
terms than any one of its numerous
elements following traditional methods of financing and execution. In the case
of this particular action, deep bore-holes have to be drilled throughout the
project area. More often, hand-dug wells can be built using the local money
systems set up, and the formal money content of the project could be still
further reduced.
All
of the social financial and productive structures and services made available
through the action are permanent. They enable the inhabitants to take action to
increase their productivity and improve their quality of life. Apart from an
average use of interest-free micro-credits for at least Euro 1500 during the first period of ten
years, the local money systems set up make it possible for them to do whatever
they wish and to strongly reduce if not entirely eliminate unemployment in the
project area within a few years.
The
people in (the project area) do not enjoy adequate hygiene education, sanitation
or clean drinking water and. In this respect the situation in the project area
is critical. In rural areas in (the host country), most people (percentage) use
up to 30 litres per person per day of surface waters from rivers or ponds. Some
people (percentage) have open wells. A few (percentage) have access to
boreholes. Water from the same source is used for all applications (as drinking
water for washing clothes, cooking, animal watering etc). (Percentage) of child
deaths are due to diarrhoea- related infections.
Drinking
water bought from water sellers costs (price) for a bucket containing (15)
litres. Poor families cannot usually pay this amount, and are forced to fetch
water from contaminated sources, if they exist. Water is stored in (describe
jars or jerry cans) generally without lids. These containers are often badly
maintained. The water in them is replaced (times per week) using (instruments
and their cleanliness).
Poor
water quality throughout the project area spreads diseases such as (name the
diseases). The cost of the fighting often deadly water-related diseases takes up
a large slice of the family incomes. A goal of the project is to reduce
water-borne disease so medical and financial resources can be re-directed to
other health objectives like vaccination programmes and preventive medicines.
Resulting diseases also affect the quality of life and the productivity of the
people.
Supply
of readily accessible clean drinking water for personal and household use should
improve the health of the whole population and ease the pressure of work on
women and eliminate all risks currently involved in fetching water over long
distances.
The
project includes gypsum composite
production units whose first job will be to make water storage tanks and
well linings for the project. The project will provide at least 25 litres of
distributed clean drinking water per person per day at a distance of not more
than 150-200 metres from their homes, plus a back-up supply of another 25 litres
of clean drinking water at the (40) well sites, plus up to 25 litres per person
per day of non-potable water for personal uses from rain-water harvesting
systems placed in users’ houses. Washing places will be supplied at each of the
40 well/borehole sites.
Health
Club activities will increase awareness for the risks of poor hygiene at
household level, and ensure that the clean drinking water delivered to them at
tank commission level remains clean when transferred to household water
containers and that proper attention is paid to the cleanliness of household
utensils cutlery kitchen and tableware.
V.3
Financial viability.
Refer
to comments under points III.1, III.5, III.6, V.1, and V.2 above. The project
documents contain detailed information of the social and financial structures et
up, their tasks, and the benefits they offer to all, including the poorest and
the currently unserved. The position of women is strongly
reinforced.
V.4 Specific financial
aspects.
They
way the inhabitants participate in the project and contribute to its cost has
been described several times above.
All of the social, financial, and productive structures and services
created are independent and managed by the people themselves. The formal money
Cooperative Local Development Fund
builds up over each ten year project operation cycle to cover future
replacement of capital goods and new investments for the extension of services,
together with all formal money funds necessary for maintenance purposes. The
principles applied in this project for the first time create a precedent for
integrated development in poor countries. They do not follow any existing
political and economic principle except that of honest and responsible
management of public goods and interests.
All
of the inhabitants in the project area have permanent access to all of the
structures and services created. There are no special categories of beneficiaries or levels of
service.
Each
inhabitants will receive at least 25 litres of clean drinking water per day at
tank commission level. A hand-pump back-up service covering an extra 25 litres
of drinking water per person per day at well-commission level is also provided.
The installation of rain-water harvesting structures in each of the 10.000 homes
in the project area to supply another 25 litres of non-potable water per person
per day for personal uses is also planned. Users’ personal daily water
requirements are also reduced through the use of dry composting toilet systems
and useful recycling of household
grey waters.
All
of the formal money costs relating to drinking water supply are covered by the
monthly contributions made by users into their Cooperative Local Development
Fund. All of the costs of systems management and maintenance are covered under
the local money systems set up. Everyone in the project area pays the same
contribution. Several levels of cooperative social support structures are set up
to help families and individuals who may have temporary or permanent problems in
meeting their formal money or local money obligations.
The
system has no qualification requirements or connection costs, except bona-fide
residence in the project area.
Management
and maintenance of services at tank commission level is the responsibility of
the tank commissions, who own the structures in question. Management and
maintenance of services at well commission level is the responsibility of the
well commissions, who own the structures in question. The role of each
commission is carefully defined in the project documentation where it is also
graphically illustration.
Maintenance
of all structures installed in the course of the project will usually be in the
hands of local cooperatives and local operators trained and organised during the
Moraisian water supply structures workshop. The formal money costs are paid out
of the Cooperative Local Development Fund. Maintenance services are covered
under the local money systems set up. Decisions concerning extensions to
services and to long-terms replacement of capital investments are taken by the
central management unit the members of which are elected by the
well-commissions, after discussion at tank commission level with the populations
involved. However, each tank commission and each well commission is autonomous.
The commissions are free to take any initiatives in their own area they may
consider to be in the interests of their members.
All
of the structures created are tax-free and free from any other charge other than
the monthly contribution of between Euro 0,60 and Euro 0,75 per person paid by
the families into the Cooperative Local Development Fund. The formal money costs
for spare parts imported into the project are subject to inflation. The central
management unit of the project, duly elected by the inhabitants themselves
through the tank commissions and the well commissions may propose changes to the
monthly contribution of the inhabitants into the Cooperative Local Development
Fund. Taking a presumed substantial increase in local productivity and
consequently of the general quality of life of the people in the project area
over a period of several years, increases to the monthly contribution over the
years may reasonably be foreseen. They are also in the interests of the
inhabitants themselves, as the amount of money available to them for
interest-free micro-credits for productivity development increases
proportionally. On the other hand, the cost of management and maintenance
services should remain stable over the years, as the local money systems under
which payments for them are covered are both interest- and
inflation-free.
Sanitation
structures, including most of those necessary for waste recycling are supplied,
installed, managed and maintained entirely under the local money systems set up.
They are therefore interest- and inflation-free. Formal money costs for vehicles
and transport for the collection and recycling of non-organic wastes can be
incurred by the network of cooperatives and operators set up under the project
for this purpose. They are generally expected to cover these costs out of formal
income for waste products which cannot be recycled locally and which are
“exported” for formal money outside the project area. As stated in the project
documents, their ability to repay their formal money investments is expected to
be lower than that of other productive activities set up, and will take place
over a relatively long term.
5.1 Beneficiaries
The
project area is rural, and includes (number) villages each with a population lower
than (number) inhabitants; (number)
larger centres with a population between 5.000 and 10.000 and (describe larger
towns)
A full list of the
communities involved can be found under section 02.03 of the project
documentation together with details of drinking water supply installations
planned for each village.
The average income
of the people in the project area is less than (Euro 2) per day. (The national
GDP in (host country) in the UNDP’s report on human development for
2005 (based on figures
for 2003) was ($ amount) per person
per year; with a poverty index of (00,0 ).
The
total (target) population in the project area is officially (number); the actual
population there is estimated to be
about
(number).
All
structures and services set up serve all of the inhabitants in all of the villages in the project area, without exception.
The
gender issue and the question of sex equality has been addressed by the adoption
of a specific order of priorities for the formation of the various structures
involved. An active, usually dominating role, of women in project execution and
management is thereby ensured. One of the purposes of the first structure to be
put in place, the Health Clubs, is to enable women to organise themselves in
groups so they can play an active role at meetings and in the management of the
structures. Women are expected to play a dominant role in the tank commissions
(the heart of the project) and in all of the other structures set up. However,
men also have full right to participate in project management; they can also
take part in the Health Clubs,
although a large participation is not expected in the early project execution
years.
The
specific needs of children are taken into account in the project basic concepts.
In particular through the supply of clean drinking water, safe sanitation,
hygiene education courses and water and sanitation facilities in schools, the
elimination of smoke hazards in and around homes, accommodation and lighting for
study purposes and the reduction of the work load on women.
5.2 Current
level of services.
Sanitation
in the project area.
The
level of access of the population in (host country) to clean drinking water and
adequate and safe sanitation services is (percent- quote source of information).
The situation in the project area is much worse still. In practice, there are no
sanitation structures there at all. People urinate and defecate in the open.
Disposal
of domestic grey water constitutes a major problem. Only (percent) of the population in (the host country)
is served. This is practically zero in the project area. Water from showers,
grey water mixed with urine are discharged into nature. Larger villages have
poorly built sumps which attract mosquitoes and other disease carrying animals
and insects. A chain of transmission of diseases passes via faeces to
diarrhoea-based illnesses including cholera and intestinal parasites which are very
common in the project area.
However,
structures such as « VIP » toilets have already been culturally
accepted in rural area, The project provides for the local construction,
installation and maintenance of dry composting eco-sanitation systems in every
home in the project area under the local money systems set up. Similar,
collective, structures will also be installed in schools, clinics, and markets
and other public places.
Drinking water
supply in the project area.
There
is an acute and urgent drinking water problem throughout the project area, both
in the larger villages and in the more isolated rural areas, where there are in
practice no clean drinking water structures at all.
Urban
water supply in (host country) is the responsibility of (official responsible). Its network
covers just (names cities etc and a few large villages). In the project area
there are just (describe the drinking water facilities there). This is obviously
inadequate and socially unacceptable. Without improvement in the water supply,
good hygiene practices cannot be
followed either at public level in the schools or at home.
Women
have to cover large distances (how many kilometres?) to fetch contaminated water
cause of water-borne diseases. The consequences of these illnesses for the local
populations are disastrous. Contaminated surface waters such as rivers and small
dams are currently the most common water source. Total water consumption is
about ( amount) litres per person per day.
All
of the problems traditionally linked to poor water quality in developing
countries are present in the project area, including numerous deaths due to
water-borne diseases, the limits of seasonal supply, the distance between the water source and
users’ homes and the time lost in fetching water.
Water
bought off water-sellers costs on an average (amount and currency)(Euro
equivalent) for a 15 litres bucket. This cost is not payable by poor families
who are forced to go to contaminated water sources, if they
exist.
No-one
in the project area has access to basic drinking water and sanitation services as described in international
health publications. (Quote information and statistics from the World Health
organisation for the host country). The situation in the project area has been
described on the basis of visible conditions noted during visits to the project
area.
Population
growth in the project area is thought to be about (percent) (UNDP– Human
Development Report 2005).
Without
this project, it is unlikely that the situation concerning the provision of
clean drinking water and safe eco-sanitation facilities improve over the coming
years. The authors of this project document are no aware of any other
alternative development initiatives currently planned in the project area.
5.3 Situation
« with the project »
The
present situation with regard to drinking water supply and safe sanitation will
be improved throughout the project area through the formation of 200 health
Clubs, on-going hygiene education courses in the 40 schools in the project area,
the harvesting or rainwater at household level, the supply of eco-sanitation
systems in all households, so that
the families have a sufficient supply of good quality water for their personal
use, and sufficient water for general domestic use. The services are at the
disposal of everyone without exception in the project area. Women and girls will
no longer have to fetch water. Management and maintenance of the structures is
done by the people themselves. The structures are set up within the framework of
a stable, cooperative, interest-free and inflation-free economic environment
created in an early phase of project execution.
The
planned level of consumption of clean drinking water is 25 litres
per person per day. A reserve or back-up clean drinking water supply provides
for another 25 litres per person per day, at well-commission level, through the
use of multiple hand-pump groups. Rain-water harvesting provides another (25
litres per person per day) in each of the 10.000 homes, to cover extra water
requirements for personal use. The need for water supply is at the same time
reduced through the adoption of dry composting eco-sanitation toilet systems
requiring small amounts of water for washing purposes
only.
Thanks
to the project, all of the (50.000) inhabitants in the project area will have
access to basic clean drinking water and safe sanitation services as defined in
the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) adopted in 2000 with a purpose of reducing the part of the world
population without sustainable access to clean drinking water by 50% by 2015) and the decisions taken
during (example: the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in
Johannesburg in 2002 with a purpose of reducing the part of the world population
without sustainable access to sustainable sanitation by 50% and promoting
efficient integrated structures for the management of water
resources.)
During
the first twelve months of project execution, the local social and financial
structures necessary for the formation of the planned productive structures and
services are set up. The first water supply structures at well level should be
ready after about 15 months. The physical water supply structures at tank
commission level will be ready after abut 18 months. Installation of household
rain-water harvesting systems should start after about 21 months. The
installation of eco-sanitation systems in private houses should start after
about 8 months.
The
success of this pilot project should lead to the adoption of the concepts at
national level. In this case (the host country) will need to set up about
(number, being population divided by 50.000) of these projects with a total
formal money cost of (project number times Euro 5.000.000). All of these
projects could be completed on or before 2015.
The
decision to make extensions to the services set up under this project lies with
the populations themselves, who are responsible for the management of them. In
principle, water supply at existing water tanks can be increased by 30% at a
very low extra cost, by adding 100Wp to the existing installed power of the solar arrays. In
most cases, it should be possible to install an extra water tank system (solar
pump, photovoltaic panels, feed-pipe, tank structure) in an existing well or borehole. The construction of new houses will be
automatically covered by the installation of eco-sanitation and rain-water
harvesting structures. The concepts adopted therefore offer a flexibility of
adaptation unknown until now. Existing structures can be adapted at a very low
cost to any new situation which might arise.
Efficiency
and effectiveness
5.5.1
Efficiency
Cost
per beneficiary (in Euros per person):
What
is the average cost under the project for each person gaining access to basic
clean drinking water facilities?
The
average investment cost in formal money = Euro 75 per person in
coverage of the entire package of services offered. It is extremely difficult to separate
the net costs of the various structures made available. The structures are
completely integrated with each other. An indicative separation for the initial
formal money investment for drinking water services = 50% of the total,
or about Euro 37,50 per person.
What
is the average cost under the project for each person gaining sustainable access
to basic hygienic sanitation facilities?
See
comment above. An indicative separation for the initial formal money
investment for hygienic sanitation facilities = 15% of the total, or about
Euro 11,25 per person.
What
is the average cost for each person gaining access to hygiene education
promotion structures?
See
comment above. An indicative separation for the initial formal money
investment for hygiene education promotion structures = 15% of the total, or
about Euro 11,25 per person
2)
Costs per installed unit (in Euro per m3):
What
is the unitary cost per m3 of water distributed through the project’s
systems?
Taking
the amount of distributed drinking water at tank commission level (1300m3/jour)
the unitary cost is Euro 1447.
Excluding the hand-pump back-up facilities at well commission level;
excluding the rain-water harvesting structures. Over 20 years, including formal
money costs of maintenance, the cost would be about Euro 0,21 par m3, excluding
the back-up hand-pump structures; excluding the rain-water harvesting
structures.
What
is the unitary cost of the eco-sanitation structures installed under the
project?
The
unitary formal money investment cost of complete eco-sanitation
structures, including recycling structures les structures assuming the
installation of 10.000 systems is Euro 56.
General
administration costs of the project. These are the general and agency costs
directly connected with the project execution, expressed as a percentage of the
total project costs.
About
2%.
5.5.2
Effectiveness
The
project offers a complete package of social, financial, and productive
structures and services for all or the inhabitants in the project area, without
exclusion.
The
project activities are executed by the inhabitants themselves. The inhabitants
own the structures themselves through their elected organs. Their monthly
contributions into their own Cooperative Local Development Fund cover all of the
formal money management, maintenance, service extension, and long-term capital
replacement costs.
The
social and financial structures set up give full multi-tiered social security
guarantee with regard to coverage of formal money and local money obligation of
the elderly, the sick, the poor and the handicapped members of the community.
The
structures created offer full employment possibilities in the project area,
including activities suitable for the elderly and the handicapped. These aspects
are not specifically mentioned in the project documentation, as they do not
directly fall under the stated goals of the ( fund or programme under which the
application for financing is being made.)
Progress
made towards the Millennium Development Goals
How
many people will have obtained access to clean drinking water and safe
sanitation facilities as a result of the execution of this
project?
Clean
drinking water services:
At
year one after delivery of service structures : 50.000 (being all of the
inhabitants in the project area)
In
2015 : 50.000 + demographic growth.
Safe
sanitation :
At
one year after delivery of service structures: 50.000 (being all of the
inhabitants in the project area). Delivery of the system will have commenced towards the
end of the 24 months’ project period, when about 1500 systems will have been
installed. The other systems will be installed during the following three
years..
In 2015 : 50.000 + demographic
growth.
Which
proportion of the total number of people needing access to basic services will
have received them by 2015 as result of the execution of this
project?
100%.
Number
of people with access to basic services under the project expressed as a
percentage of the planned goals under the Millennium Development Goals?
100%
of the inhabitants and families in the project area.
Orientation
note: types of water supply and sanitation structures
Types of
water supply and sanitation systems. |
Water
points with manual installations. |
Small
autonomous system based on local communities.
|
Urban distribution
organisations |
Technology
and service
level |
Triple
hand-pump groups next to 35 bore-holes. The pumps serve as back-up and
support for the distributed drinking water systems.
|
200 Local
tanks each serving 40-50
families supplied by high-pressure solar submersible pumps installed in 35
(wells/ boreholes) with an internal diameter of
at least 8 inches; each with photovoltaic panels with an installed power
of the least 300Wp per pump. 40 local tanks serving the schools and the
clinics in the project area each with systems as above
described. |
Not
applicable. |
Services |
According
to the preferences of the institutions in question. Service in
any case include washing points |
Independent
rain-water harvesting systems at individual household level for
non-potable household and personal use. |
Not
applicable. |
User
types |
10.000
households in rural areas and small villages. |
10.000
households in rural areas and small villages. |
Not
applicable. |
Management
|
35
Well-level commissions whose members are elected by the tank
commissions. |
200 Tank
commissions chosen by the households served. |
Not
applicable. |
Use and
maintenance requirements. |
Ownership
and management of the structures at well-commission
level. Wells
(boreholes),manual pumps, platforms, washing places, guards, (also for
solar pumps and PV generators), supervision of access to the well area.
Maintenance by the cooperatives set up for the purpose. Formal money
maintenance and long-term system replacement costs paid out of Cooperative
Local Development Fund. |
Ownership
and management at tank commission level. Feed-pipe
installations, tanks, platforms, supervision, access to
tanks. Maintenance
by the cooperatives set up for the purpose. Formal money maintenance and
long-term system replacement costs paid out of Cooperative Local
Development Fund. |
Not
applicable. |
Typical way
of cost recovery. Periodic forfeit fees and contributions to cover
repairs and replacements. |
The
families pay a monthly contribution of (Euro 0,60 –0,75) per person into
the Cooperative Local Development Fund. About one
quarter of this contribution (Euro 69.500 per year) is reserved for the
coverage of formal money costs especially for spare
parts. Most
management costs are covered under the local money systems set up as part
of project execution. |
Management
of the monthly contributions is in the hands of the 200 tank commissions.
The structures set up offer several layers of social security support to
the elderly, the sick, the poor, and the handicapped who either
temporarily or permanently have problems meeting their formal money or local
money contributions. |
Not
applicable. |
Forward: List of
files specific to hygiene education, drinking water and sanitation.
Back: Budget for
funding applications.
Menu of files
for funding purposes.
Typical list of
graphs and drawings.
List of maps.
Documents for
funding applications.