#### STICHTING BAKENS VERZET

#### 1018 AM AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS

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T.E.(Terry) Manning,

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The Netherlands.

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Homepage: http://www.flowman.nl

E-mail: (nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet

## MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE SELF-FINANCING INTEGRATED RURAL AND POOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT FOR THE WORLD'S POOR

Incorporating innovative social, financial, economic, local administrative and productive structures, numerous renewable energy applications, with an important role for women in poverty alleviation in rural and poor urban environments.

"Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"

Gesell, Silvio The Natural Economic Order

Revised English edition, Peter Owen, London 1958, page 228

Edition 12: 01 November 2006

#### 03.02 Drinking water supply structures in the project area.

Existing drinking water facilities in the project area.

There are (number) water supply systems in the project area. These facilities are described village by village in the analyses of drinking water requirements.

The people in (the project area) do not enjoy adequate hygiene education, sanitation or clean drinking water.

Women and children often have to carry water over several (how many) kilometres from contaminated sources to their houses. Much time is wasted fetching dirty water which is then usually drunk with all its pathogens without treatment and without being boiled. The way water is provided has other social implications too. The time and effort spent by women on fetching water could be used to improve the living conditions of their families in other ways.

Poor water quality throughout the project area spreads diseases such as (name the diseases). The cost of fighting these often deadly water-related diseases takes up a large slice of the family incomes. A goal of the project is to reduce water-borne disease so medical and financial resources can be re-directed to other health objectives like vaccination programmes and preventive medicines. Resulting diseases also affect the quality of life and the productivity of the people.

Supply of readily accessible clean drinking water for personal and household use will improve the health of the whole population and ease the pressure of work on women.

The project includes gypsum composite production units whose first job will be to make water storage tanks and, where necessary, well linings for the project.

List of drinking water requirements.

The assessment of drinking water requirements is carried out on the basis of an average distance not exceeding 10-200 meters between each home and a drinking water point. A basic drinking water supply of at least 25 litres per person per day is foreseen. A further 25 litres per person per day is usually made available as a back-up at protected boreholes and wells, which are placed further away. The project also provides for domestic rainwater harvesting systems designed to supply an extra 25 litres per person per day of non-potable water for personal uses such as washing and cleaning. Water is not required for sanitation purposes, as dry composting eco-sanitation toilet systems are expected to be used.

Example of calculation of drinking water requirements.

(Village name).

See map (refer to map in the maps files).

a) Inhabitants.

(number) family groups, (number) population.

Drinking water supply required @ 25 litres per person per day = (amount) liters/day.

b) Source of nearest electricity supply.

c) Available clean drinking water supply (boreholes)(wells)(handpumps).

d) Social structures.

There are also:

(number) Primary schools

--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?

(number) Intermediate schools

--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?

(number) Hospitals/clinics

--Number of beds?
--Number of nurses and doctors
--Daily number of visitors?
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??

(number) Tourist attractions.

--Number of persons present
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??

(number) Market places.

--Number of persons present? How often? How long?
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??

(number) Churches, mosques, temples

(Description of use)

e) Adaptation existing water supply?

How can existing water supply structures be brought within the project structures?

Are there any ownership restrictions?

How can they be solved?

f) New drinking water supply.

From several (number) large diameter wells or boreholes, pump a total of (amount)m3 of drinking water per day.

g) Siting of boreholes/wells.

(List indicative sites of each well or borehole).

h) Pump installations in each well or borehole.

Each well with (number) Solar Spring (or a suitable alternative) high pressure solar pumps, for a total of (number) solar pumps for all of the wells and boreholes together.

The solar pumps installed in each well are dedicated according to the following criteria:

1. One solar pump dedicated to a water tank installation supplying each (number, usually 200-300) users, being (number, usually 40-50) families.

2. Schools in each well commission area : one solar pump dedicated to a drinking water tank installation for each school.

3. Clinics in each well commission area : TWO DEDICATED PUMPS each serving one drinking water tank with (at least 15m3 per day).

4. Important market places, tourist attractions, public buildings. Separate systems may be installed where the number of users justifies them.

Each well with triple unit inertia (or alternative hydraulic) back-up hand-pump-system next to it, for a total of (number) hand pumps for all of the wells and boreholes together. In wells or boreholes serving very small communities, a single unit back-up hand-pump may be sufficient.

i) The average expected distance between each well or borehole listed in f) and the solar pumps installed in it in g) is : (number) metres.

j) Description of each well or borehole system.

- The well or borehole itself.

- (Number) solar pumps with accompanying electronics.

- Photovoltaic panel sets being ( indicate peaks watts to be installed – usually 300-400 Wp) (number (usually 4 panels with a nominal rating between 75 and 100Wp) for each solar pump installed, together with panel support fitted with a multipoint hand tracking system.

- Fence or similar around PV panel installations.
A triple hand-pump system as backup. (In very small communities a single unit back-up hand-pump may be sufficient.)

- A hand pump platform.

- A washing place.

- Sink pits for water drainage.

- Paths for users, whose feet must always remain dry.

- Simple accommodation for guardians.

- Any other buildings for well-commission level services which may be installed in the well or borehole area. An example of these is the local money system transaction registration units.

- Any communal gardens for the recycling of waste water run-off.

k) Description of each drinking water tank installation.

- The drinking water tank itself with its fittings.

- The base for the water tanks.

- A water tank access area with drainage. Users’ feet must always remain dry.

- Sink pits for water drainage.

- UV purification devices for tanks supplying clinics and schools.

- The (imbedded) feed-pipe leading from the well or borehole to the drinking water tank installation.

- Any communal gardens for the recycling of waste water run-off.

l) Well commission ownership.

Ownership of the following structures is vested in each well commission:

- The ground where the well or borehole installations are placed.

- The well or borehole itself.

- The fence or similar around PV panel installations.
The back-up hand pump system.

- The hand pump platform.

- The washing place.

- The sink pits for water drainage.

- The paths for users, whose feet must always remain dry.

- The simple accommodation for guardians.

- Any ground and communal gardens used for the recyling of waste water run-off.

m) Tank commission ownership.

Ownership of the following structures is vested in each tank commission:

- The solar pump with accompanying electronics serving the drinking water tank.

- The photovoltaic panel set ,and its supports, serving the drinking water tank.

- The drinking water tank itself with its fittings.

- The base for the water tanks.

- The water tank access area with drainage. Users’ feet must always remain dry.

- The sink pits for water drainage.

- UV purification devices (for tanks supplying clinics and schools).

- The (imbedded) feed-pipe leading from the well or borehole to the drinking water tank installation.

- Any communal gardens for the recycling of waste water run-off.

For a diagram of the proposed water supply structures refer to:
DRAWING OF WATER SUPPLY STRUCTURES.

This project will be decentralised. About (part of 35) large diameter wells will be dug using local labour, construction methods and materials supplied under the local LETS systems and (part of 35) large diameter boreholes drilled by a specialist operator.

About 6-9 solar submersible horizontal axis piston pumps or equivalent will be installed in each well or borehole. Each of the pumps will supply water to a dedicated water tank serving a local community. The well is the hub of the supply system. The water pipelines radiating from it are its spokes.

Schools will each receive one dedicated tank. Clinics, for further safety, will be served by two tanks, each with its own pump.

Each of the (35) well/borehole sites will be equipped with back-up hand-pumps. (Refer to section 09.22 for a description of a recommended hydraulic hand-pump system). The hand-pumps will provide drinking water during unusually long periods of bad weather and in emergencies.

A communal washing area will be built near each well so that women used to doing their washing in groups can continue to do so. The backup hand-pumps may also be used to service the washing areas.

The water supply is based on a water consumption of (25) litres per person per day. Since solar energy is to be used to pump the water, bad weather must be taken into account. For that reason, the tanks need to have a capacity for three days' use. Each tank will supply about (200) people. The capacity required to give (25) litres per day to (200) people for three days is (15) m3, the planned size of the tanks. Supplementary water supply at the well/borehole sites provides another (25) litres per person per day. Rainwater harvesting will supply another (25 litres) per family per day. Harvested rainwater is not potable without special filtering. It is therefore intended for general personal uses.

Forward: agricultural production and food storage facilities in the project area.

Back: general comments.

Complete index of the Model.

Main menu for the Model.

List of drawings and graphs.
Typical list of maps.
List of key words.
List of abbreviations used.
Documents for funding applications.

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