#### STICHTING BAKENS VERZET

#### 1018 AM AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS

Director,

T.E.(Terry) Manning,

Schoener 50,

1771 ED Wieringerwerf,

The Netherlands.

Tel: 0031-227-604128

Homepage: http://www.flowman.nl

E-mail: (nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet

## MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE SELF-FINANCING INTEGRATED RURAL AND POOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT FOR THE WORLD'S POOR

Incorporating innovative social, financial, economic, local administrative and productive structures, numerous renewable energy applications, with an important role for women in poverty alleviation in rural and poor urban environments.

"Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"

Gesell, Silvio The Natural Economic Order

Revised English edition, Peter Owen, London 1958, page 228

Edition 10: 31 August 2006

List of illustrations.

DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.
WELL COMMISSIONS
DRAWING OF TYPICAL WATER TANK AREA.

The structures necessary for clean and sufficient drinking water supply are the ones calling for the heaviest input in terms of formal capital. The structures will be set up during the course of a Moraisain organisational workshop which will follow the formation of most of the other structures foreseen. The following indications will be subject to modifications, some of them substantial. They will, however, give an idea of the dimensions of the project.

#### Principles for positioning water supply structures.

There are no existing wells in the villages/areas in question so wells will have to be be dug and lined, or boreholes drilled and lined where necessary. The wells should be sited as close as possible to the users. The water then has to be pumped through pipelines from the wells to above-ground tanks situated near the users' houses, so that no-one need go more than 150m from home to fetch water.

The solar pumps are capable of carrying water under pressure over several kilometers. Multiple small high-efficiency pumps in place of larger (but much less efficient) ones are proposed to guarantee a safe constant water supply. If one pump needs maintenance, or if one water pipeline is accidentally damaged, the other pumps continue working.

Taking the project area into account, water should be found at a maximum depth of +/- (number) m. On average the water table should be at (number) m. below the surface.

Water quality must be checked and water sourced from deeper aquifers if necessary.

#### Well linings.

The wells will normally be 2m outside diameter and 1.8m internal diameter.

Should it be necessary to drill boreholes, the per person costs for the wells may be higher than the figures shown in the indicative budget.

The wells must be well protected against soil instability, using linings locally made in gypsum composite products factories which are an integral part of the project. The wells must be sealed so that surface water cannot flow back down the well. Hand pumps and platforms must be built so that the users' feet remain dry and never come in contact with water. Access to the handpumps/wells must always be dry. For instance, shingle or similar materials can be used so that users' feet always remain dry.

The layout of a typical well installation is shown in: DRAWING OF WATER SYSTEM STRUCTURES.

Hand pump platform.

The choice of hand pumps should be such that hand pump platforms do not need to be placed directly over the well or borehole, but at an appropriate point near or at a distance from it.

Illustration of a recommended hand pump platform.

List of drinking water requirements.

The assessment of drinking water requirements is carried out on the basis of an average distance not exceeding 10-200 meters between each home and a drinking water point. A basic drinking water supply of at least 25 litres per person per day is foreseen. A further 25 litres per person per day is usually made available as a back-up at protected boreholes and wells, which are placed further away. The project also provides for domestic rainwater harvesting systems designed to supply an extra 25 litres per person per day of non-potable water for personal uses such as washing and cleaning. Water is not required for sanitation purposes, as dry composting eco-sanitation toilet systems are expected to be used.

Example of calculation of drinking water requirements.

(Village name).

See map (refer to map in the maps files).

a) Inhabitants.

(number) family groups, (number) population.

Drinking water supply required @ 25 litres per person per day = (amount) liters/day.

b) Source of nearest electricity supply.

c) Available clean drinking water supply (boreholes)(wells)(handpumps).

d) Social structures.

There are also:

(number) Primary schools

--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?

(number) Intermediate schools

--How many children? By day? Resident?
--Is the school already supplied with water? Give details
--Is the school connected to the electricity network?

(number) Hospitals/clinics

--Number of beds?
--Number of nurses and doctors
--Daily number of visitors?
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??

(number) Tourist attractions.

--Number of persons present
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??

(number) Market places.

--Number of persons present? How often? How long?
--Existing water supply?
--Connected to electricity network?
--Water requirements??

(number) Churches, mosques, temples

(Description of use)

e) Adaptation existing water supply?

How can existing water supply structures be brought within the project structures?

Are there any ownership restrictions?

How can they be solved?

f) New drinking water supply.

From several (number) large diameter wells or boreholes, pump a total of (amount)m3 of drinking water per day.

g) Siting of boreholes/wells.

(List indicative sites of each well or borehole).

h) Pump installations in each well or borehole.

Each well with (number) Solar Spring (or a suitable alternative) high pressure solar pumps, for a total of (number) solar pumps for all of the wells and boreholes together.

The solar pumps installed in each well are dedicated according to the following criteria:

1. One solar pump dedicated to a water tank installation supplying each (number, usually 200-300) users, being (number, usually 40-50) families.

2. Schools in each well commission area : one solar pump dedicated to a drinking water tank installation for each school.

3. Clinics in each well commission area : TWO DEDICATED PUMPS each serving one drinking water tank with (at least 15m3 per day).

4. Important market places, tourist attractions, public buildings. Separate systems may be installed where the number of users justifies them.

Each well with triple unit inertia (or alternative hydraulic) back-up handpump-system next to it, for a total of (number) hand pumps for all of the wells and boreholes together. In wells or boreholes serving very small communities, a single unit back-up handpump may be sufficient.

i) The average expected distance between each well or borehole listed in f) and the solar pumps installed in it in g) is : (number) metres.

j) Description of each well or borehole system.

- The well or borehole itself.

- (Number) solar pumps with accompanying electronics.

- Photovoltaic panel sets being ( indicate peaks watts to be installed – usually 300-400 Wp) (number (usually 4 panels with a nominal rating between 75 and 100Wp) for each solar pump isntalled, together with panel support fitted with a multipoint handtracking system.

- Fence or similar around PV panel installations.
A triple handpump system as backup. (In very small communities a single unit back-up handpump may be sufficient.)

- A hand pump platform.

- A washing place.

- Sink pits for water drainage.

- Paths for users, whose feet must always remain dry.

- Simple accommodation for guardians.

- Any other buildings for well-commission level services which may be installed in the well or borehole area. An example of these is the local money system transaction registration units.

- Any communal gardens for the recycling of waste water run-off.

k) Description of each drinking water tank installation.

l) Well commission ownership.

Ownership of the following structures is vested in each well commission:

- The ground where the well or borehole installations are placed.

- The well or borehole itself.

- The fence or similar around PV panel installations.
The back-up hand pump system.

- The hand pump platform.

- The washing place.

- The sink pits for water drainage.

- The paths for users, whose feet must always remain dry.

- The simple accommodation for guardians.

- Any ground and communal gardens used for the recyling of waste water run-off.

m) Tank commission ownership.

#### Positioning of the boreholes/wells

The following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.

Refer to list of maps

Summary of water supply (example)

Inhabitants : 47495
Boreholes : 32
Approximately litres/day 1.296.000 (1296 m3)
Solar pumps installed : 189
Installed photovoltaic power : 56.7 KW
15 m3 water tanks :189
Back-up hand pumps : 96 being 32 triple sets.
Pipelines from boreholes to water tanks (estimation) : 200000m.

List of files on hygiene education, water supply and sanitation.

Main menu for the Model.

Complete index of the Model.

List of drawings and graphs.
Typical list of maps.
List of key words.
List of abbreviations used.
Documents for funding applications.

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