NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM
01. E-course :
Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int.Dev.)
Edition
01: 24 January, 2011
Study points
: 05 points out of 18
Minimum study
time : 125 hours out of 504
The study
points are awarded upon passing the consolidated exam for
Section C : The Model.
[Study points 03 out of
18]
[Minimum study time: 85 hours
out of 504]
The study
points are awarded upon passing the consolidated exam for
Section C : The Model.
Sect. 5 : Kyoto Treaty : Analysis of possibilities for finance. (Additional)
03. Potential areas of application of CDM mechanisms to
integrated development projects.
04. Small-scale CDM activities.
06. Selection of the CDM methodologies for the applications
listed in section 03.
08. Notes specific to the role of bamboo in afforestation
and reforestation (AR) projects.
09. CDM funding indications for the selected applications
and methodologies.
Menu for : 09. CDM funding indications for the selected applications
and methodologies.
09-08. Use of renewable biomass instead of
non-renewable biomass with improved cook stoves.
09-09. Recycling of human waste to avoid the use of
industrial fertilisers.
09. CDM funding indications for the selected applications
and methodologies.
Small-scale agro-forestry
activities on marginal lands falls under CDM operational Sector 14 -
Afforestation and reforestation (AR) The
preferred methodology is AR-AMS-0004 , version 2, 11
June, 2009 – which is the one used for forestry applications under 09-02. Demonstration project for the recovery of
forest lands and natural parks and reserves using traditional species.
It is assumed that many
integrated development project areas will incorporate marginal lands,
especially in pastoral communities. CDM applications on marginal lands have the
advantage that they are not limited to the use of traditional forest species
native to the project area. They may also tend to be more extensive.
One important species, which
is already domesticated (naturalised) in many developing countries, is the
Moringa Oleifera or horseradish tree. Some basic information on it can be
obtained at the Bakens Verzet file Moringa sand filters for water
purification. Plenty of supplementary information on it is available
on the internet.
The horseradish is a very
special tree. It has deep tap roots which make it suitable for dry areas. It
grows very quickly, up to 3 meters within six months of transplanting. It grows
to a height between 4 meters and 12 meters, with a biomass increment of 18 tons
of biomass per hectare over 3 years, or 6 tons per year. This is 3 tons of
carbon per hectare per year, with carbon fixation ratio of 3 x 44/12, or 11 tons of CO2 per hectare per
year. At a rate of about € 14 per tonne CO2 (14 November, 2009) the potential
CDM income is € 154 per hectare per year over 3 years.
The production of 15000 tons
of CO2 allowed under small-scale CDM methodologies would therefore need about
1400 hectares of Moringa plantations, with 600-700 plants per hectare. If used
as hedgerows for alley cultivation of crops, the area to be covered in each
integrated development project area would be at least 3000 hectares, or an
average of 12 hectares in each of the 250 local development unit areas an
integrated development project area. Tree coverage must, however, always
conform to the national specification for minimum crown coverage for forests, which
should lie between 10% and 30%.
Because it sinks its
tap-roots quickly, the horseradish tree needs human assistance for watering for
a maximum period of 12 months after transplanting, usually less. It adapts to
water scarcity by reducing the number of its leaves. This means that
cultivation-related labour costs are lower than those in applications 02-04. Once
established the horseradish mines fertilisers from the soil. Natural fertilisers
should be used at planting time. Manure from animals in pastoralist areas is
ideal for this purpose.
All parts of the horseradish
tree are consumable. Its leaves are a substitute for spinach, and form prize
forage for animals, especially goats. Horseradish leaves grow in the dry season
and are available when grasslands are barren. The oil from horseradish seeds is
edible, similar to olive oil, and used for cooking. The seeds themselves can be
eaten like peanuts. The seed cake after pressing can be used to make Moringa
sand filters for water purification. Its bark can be chewed. All parts of the
tree are said to have medicinal qualities.
The horseradish tree is
widely used as a hedgerow for the alley cultivation of various crops, which
need shelter from wind and excess of sun. As a hedgerow, it interferes more
with the crops grown (allelopathy) than other wind/sun protections. Use with
“shade-tolerant leafy vegetables and herbs is best since Moringa hedgerows are
highly competitive and can reduce yields of companion plants significantly. For
instance .it can reduce the yields of eggplant and sweet maize by up to 50%
”. (Infonet-biovision.org
website, accessed 31 December 2010.)
The same resource suggests the use of the Moringa plants themselves as
supports for crops such as pole beans, once the Moringa trees are mature. From the second year onwards, Moringa can be
intercropped with maize, sunflower and other field crops. Where climatic
conditions are appropriate, sunflower is particularly recommended s it helps to
control weed growth.
Combination of the
use of horseradish tree as hedgerow with pull-push (“stimulo-deterrent
diversion”) technology for improved maize, sorghum, millet and other
crop yields (The Gatsby Charitable Foundation, The Quiet Revolution :
Push-pull Technology and the African Farmer.
This means that CDM income
is calculated on the first 3-4 years of tree growth, when CO2 storage takes
place. It is actually received once the horseradish has reached its maximum CO2
sink conditions and alley cropping has started.
Horseradish produces 3 tons
of carbon per hectare per year, with carbon fixation ratio of 3 x 44/12, or 11 tons of CO2 per hectare per
year. At a rate of about € 14 per tonne CO2 (14 November, 2009) the potential
CDM income is € 154 per hectare per year over 3 years or € 462 per hectare over
the three years period. The production of 15000 tons of CO2 allowed under
small-scale CDM methodologies would therefore need about
Assuming the
execution of up to 2500 integrated development projects for West Africa
(excluding Nigeria and Ghana) the scheme would produce a CDM income between €
1.617.000.000. General application of the concepts in
How the 1400 hectares of
horseradish needed for each integrated development project is distributed will
vary from project to project according to the nature of the terrain. The
populations may choose for just one area. They may break it up, for instance
into 45 areas each with about 30 hectares, in each intermediate development
unit area. Or they may decide to break
it up into 250 areas each with 5-6 hectares, at local development unit level.
As mentioned, the area
planted with horseradish would be about 1400 hectares. We have also seen that
tree crown coverage must conform to the various national definitions for
“forest” to qualify for CDM financing.
Subject to these limitation, total cultivation areas including
horseradish, Napier Grass, Greenleaf Desmodium and preferred crop (millet, for
example) might be up to 4200 hectares and more for each integrated development
project area. Assuming there are 250
local development units in a given integrated development project area, this
amounts to the creation of a cultivated area of about 17-20 hectares. The
proposed solution is of special interest for pastoral communities with animal
manure, including liquid manures, available for fertilising and (limited)
watering purposes.
Because animals love Moringa
leaves, plantations need to be well protected from them. Provided equipment can
be safely guarded, electric fences operating on photovoltaic power (PV) may
offer an appropriate solution to this problem.
Another planting option
(subject to testing) might be the kiri tree (paulownia tomentosa) which is
reputed to be one of the world’s fastest growing trees with one of the highest
amounts of C02 storage. According to a press article in the Concord Times in
“In addition, field work has
been undertaken in
As with applications 02-04, the biggest single problem to the application
of AR-AMS-0004 to marginal lands in integrated development project areas is
water rather than labour. Water required under this application 05 is
additional to the water used for applications 02, 03, and 04. Integrated
development projects allow for rainwater harvesting but not for large-scale
irrigation. Small-scale hand-operated drip irrigation techniques can be applied
where limited amounts of water can be obtained from shallow hand-dug wells,
provided this can be shown to be sustainable and free from effects on the water
table. This means the assistance offered by early planting of deep-rooted
species is of great importance.
Menu for : 09. CDM funding indications for the selected applications
and methodologies.
09-08. Use of renewable biomass instead of
non-renewable biomass with improved cook stoves.
09-09. Recycling of human waste to avoid the use of
industrial fertilisers.
Sect. 5 : Kyoto Treaty : Analysis of possibilities for finance. (Additional)
03. Potential areas of application of CDM mechanisms to
integrated development projects.
04. Small-scale CDM activities.
06. Selection of the CDM methodologies for the
applications listed in section 03.
08. Notes specific to the role of bamboo in afforestation
and reforestation (AR) projects.
09. CDM funding indications for the selected applications
and methodologies.
Exam Block 8 : [4 hours]
Consolidated exam : Section C.
[6 hours].
◄ Eighth block : Section. 5 : Kyoto Treaty : Analysis
of possibilities for finance.
◄ Eighth block : Economic Aspects.
◄ Main index for the
Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev.)
"Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the
bolt that bars them."
Gesell, Silvio, The Natural Economic Order, revised English edition,
Peter Owen,
“Poverty is created scarcity”
Wahu Kaara, point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58th
annual NGO Conference, United Nations,
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