NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM
Edition
01: 31 October, 2009
01. E-course : Diploma in
Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev.)
SECTION B : SOLUTIONS TO THE
PROBLEMS.
Value : 06
points out of 18.
Work
foreseen: 186 hours out of 504.
The points are awarded only after
passing the consolidated exam for Section B : Solutions to the problems.
Third block : Solutions to the problems.
Value : 01 point our of 18.
Work foreseen: 36 hours out of
504.
[16.00 Hours] Section
1 : Anthropological analysis of the three levels of project structures.
(Value 0.5 point)
[16.00 Hours] Section 2 :
Division of responsibilities amongst the three levels of structures. (Value
0,5 point)
The point is awarded only
after passing the consolidated exam for Section B : Solutions to the problems.
[16.00 Hours] Section
2 : Division of des responsibilities amongst the three levels of
structures. (Value 0,5 point)
Division of responsibilities.
[14.00 Hours]
01. The chain of responsibilities.
02. Illustration of the
division of responsibilities.
06. Permanent cooperative for
the management of the project structures.
07. Cooperative for project
execution.
[02.00 Hours] Report on
Section 2 of Block 3.
Third block : Exam. [ 4 hours per attempt]
Division des
responsibilities. [14.00 Hours]
01. The chain of responsibilities. (At least 2 hours)
In Section 1 Anthropological analysis at
three levels of Block 3,
especially in part 05. Management lines an analysis was made of the general
architecture of integrated development projects.
It was seen that the structures to be set up pass vertically up the
three administrative levels, finishing with the central committee.
During this section 2 of Block 3
an elementary analysis will be made of the tasks given to each of the three management levels.
Concepts of nesting and
subsidiarity
The concept of subsidiarity
is one of the basic principles of the European Union. The Europa
Glossary sourced 9 November, 2009
explains the concept of subsidiarity this way :
“Subsidiarity
The glossary is being updated given the recent signing of the Treaty of Lisbon.
The principle of subsidiarity is defined in
Article 5 of the Treaty establishing the European Community. It is intended to
ensure that decisions are taken as closely as possible to the citizen and that
constant checks are made as to whether action at Community level is justified
in the light of the possibilities available at national, regional or local
level. Specifically, it is the principle whereby the
The Edinburgh European Council of December
1992 issued a declaration on the principle of subsidiarity, which lays down the
rules for its application. The Treaty of Amsterdam took up the approach that
follows from this declaration in a Protocol on the application of the
principles of subsidiarity and proportionality annexed to the EC Treaty. Two of
the things this Protocol introduces are the systematic analysis of the impact
of legislative proposals on the principle of subsidiarity and the use, where
possible, of less binding Community measures.”
1.
Opinion.
On one page
explain how the principles of subsidiarity expressed by the European Union
apply to the structures of integrated development projects.
In its directive on decentralisation dated 28 August 2001,
(in French) the GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rechnische Zusammenarbeit (the
German development aid agency) writes:
« 1. Importance [of subsidiarity] with regard to development
policy
Decentralisation contributes
to the forming of framework conditions on political and administrative levels
according to the principle of subsidiarity.
Decentralised
structures :
•= can contribute to poverty
reduction while guaranteeing flexible and innovative services best suited to
real needs at a cost lower than that of centralised structures ;
•= offer possibilities for
the participation, especially of poor populations (men and women), in the
political process, thereby stopping democracy from becoming a project for the
middle urban (rich) classes only ;
•= can contribute to better
conflict management and the conservation of peace, since pertinent structures
and strategies for the peaceful resolution of conflicts and a system of
elections at several levels (power verticalisation) protect the populations
from the negative effects of constant, paralysing confrontations to obtain
power at national level ;
•= provide obstacles to
redistribution of wealth in the benefit a rich local minority, so that
resources at local level are no longer lost through «captation» at higher
levels;
•= offer possibilities for
local self-promotion by poor populations and appropriate support for their
business initiatives. » (Translation T.E.Manning).
2.
Opinion.
On one page
write 5 short paragraphs showing how the benefits listed by the GTZ are applied
within the framework of integrated development concepts.
In this connection refer also to Marshall J.R., Nesting, subsidiarity, and
community based environmental governance beyond the local level,
International Journal of the Commons, Vol. 2 no.1, January 2008, pp. 73-97,
Igitur, Utrecht Publishing & Archiving Services for IASC, Utrecht 2008.
On page 80,
« Interpreting subsidiarity
The focus on the problem of
assigning tasks across governance levels has revolved largely around the
‘principle of subsidiarity’. Although various definitions of this principle
exist, they generally share in common the implication that any particular task should
be decentralized to the lowest level of governance with the capacity to conduct
it satisfactorily. The original justification for this principle was moral,
stemming from ‘a conviction that each human individual is endowed with an
inherent and inalienable worth, or dignity’, and accordingly that all
social groupings should ultimately be at the service of the individual [Source
cited :British
The relevance of this
principle to community-based governance of larger-scale environmental problems
has not gone unnoticed by common property scholars. For instance, McKean [
Source cited : McKean, M.A. 2002. Nesting institutions for complex
common-pool resource systems. In Proceedings of the 2nd International
Symposium on Landscape Futures, December 2001, eds. J. Graham, I.R. Reeve,
and D.J. Brunckhorst. Armidale: Institute for Rural Futures and University of
New England.2002, p. 8] proposed that the advantages of small groups in
achieving voluntary cooperation be extended to large-scale common pool resource
problems by means of “nested groups …
with subsidiarity” .
Consistent with the
definition given above, McKean’s (2002, p. 10) understanding of the
subsidiarity principle is that it requires all tasks to be performed at the
lowest possible level of governance. She proposed the following rule for
deciding how low ‘possible’ is: an individual subunit of the governance
system is free to undertake all the tasks that do not affect anyone in another
subunit, ‘but we move up a notch to a higher level if a subunit wants to engage
in behaviour that will affect any other subunit’. Hence, any task is
centralized to higher, more inclusive, levels until a level is reached where
all individuals with a substantive interest in the task are represented
adequately. »
[For the Schumacher (1973) reference see : Schumacher E.F. Small is Beautiful, Economics as if People
Mattered, first edition Blond & Briggs, London, 1973 ; second
edition Hartley & Marks, Vancouver, 1999 ISBN 0-88179-169-5. For some quotations from Schumacher’s book
see website : http://www.smallisbeautiful.org/about/efs_quotes.htm
. ]
3.
Opinion.
Write one page
explaining the relation between integrated development concepts and the concept
cited above that «each human individual is endowed with an inherent and
inalienable worth, or dignity. »
On page 93,
« 1. [One must] Allocate
tasks across levels in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity; i.e.,
decentralize each task to the lowest level with capacity to conduct it
satisfactorily.
2. The capacity at a given
level to conduct a task satisfactorily depends partly on whether all actors
with an interest in the task are represented at that level.
3. The capacity at a given
level to perform a task satisfactorily depends also on whether there is
sufficient access at that level to all the capacities needed to
achieve that standard of
performance.
4. The capacity at a given
level to perform a task satisfactorily can often be enhanced through strategies
seeking to strengthen access to the requisite capacities. Subsidiarity obliges
actors at higher levels to explore such opportunities before ruling out the
possibility of decentralizing tasks to lower levels.
Meanwhile, it cautions
against over-optimistic expectations of how quickly lower-level capacities to
cope with decentralization can be developed.
5. Actors tend to participate
in activities designed to build their capacities only when they expect
participation to help further their goals. Capacity-building
efforts are therefore
unlikely to succeed unless the target population has secure rights to benefit
from the capacities developed.
6. Units assigned tasks in
accordance with the subsidiarity principle should be allowed as much autonomy
as possible in how they decide to conduct those
tasks.
7. Despite any rhetoric to
the contrary, government actors often perceive a vested interest in resisting
authentic application of the subsidiarity principle. Their
success in resisting derives just as much from
fiscal dominance and cognitive hegemony as it does from formalised powers. When
authentic subsidiarity does occur, this is often due to strategic bottom-up
efforts to overcome this resistance by mobilizing a bandwagon of support from
higher levels. (p.93) »
With regard to the Millennium development
goals, most of the activities required are elementary. Neither consultants and
specialist from industrialised countries nor «advanced » technologies
are needed..
Indications were given in
4.
Opinion.
Make a
nine-paragraph analysis on how
1) Very short introduction.
2) Decentralisation at the lowest level.
3) Generalised exploitation of all available
capacities at each level.
4) Proper representation at each level.
5) Support from higher levels for the lower levels
to favour execution of most activities at the lowest levels.
6) The certainty that participants receive direct
benefits for themselves and their families.
7) Autonomy
of initiative, especially at basic levels.
8) Safeguard of traditional administrative and
political structures so that they can benefit from the planned decentralisation
as well.
9) Your conclusion.
◄ Third block : Section 2 : Division of responsibilities.
◄ Third block : Solutions to the
problems.
◄ Main index of the course for
the Diploma in Integrated Development
(Dip. Int. Dev.)
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