NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM
Edition
04: 30 August, 2010
Edition
05 : 01 May, 2011
01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development
(Dip. Int. Dev)
SECTION A : DEVELOPMENT
PROBLEMS.
Study value : 04 points out of 18.
Indicative
study time: 112 hours out of 504.
Study points are
awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development
Problems has been passed.
Second block : The problems to be solved.
Study points : 02 points out
of 18
Expected work required: 55 hours
out of 504
The two study points will be
finally awarded on successful completion of the consolidated exam for Section A
: Development problems.
Section 1. Analysis
of the Millennium Goals. [22 hours]
[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the
Millennium Goals.
[04.00 Hours] Preparation report Section 1 of Block
2.
[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the
services made available by integrated development projects.
[05.00 Hours]
Preparation report Section 2 of Block 2.
Second block :
Exam. [ 4 hours each attempt]
Consolidated exam
for Section A : Development problems (for passage to Section B of the course : [ 6 hours each attempt].
Section
1. Analysis of the Millennium Goals. [22 hours]
[18.00 Hours]
Analysis of the Millennium Goals.
00. Summary of the Millennium
Goals.
01. Eradicate extreme poverty
and hunger.
02. Achieve universal primary
education.
03. Promote gender equality
and empower women.
06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria
and other diseases.
07. Target 09 : Ensure
environmental sustainability.
07. Targets 10 and 11 :
Water, sanitation and slums.
08. Develop a global partnership
for development.
[18.00 Hours]
Analysis of the Millennium Goals.
07. Target 09 : Ensure
environmental sustainability. (At least 2 hours)
Look at slide: Goal 7 : Ensure environmental sustainability.
Millennium goal 7 is about the integration of sustainable development
principles in national policies and the inversion of the current tendency to
waste environmental resources (target 09), to reduce the percentage of the
world population without clean drinking water and basic sanitation services by
half by 2015 (target 10) , and to improve the lives of at least 100 million
slum dwellers by 2020.
Before continuing your studies, reflect on the choice of words used in
the formulation of goal 7. For instance, in target 09, isn’t sustainable development already
integrated in most national policies ? In any case, ongoing «loss of
environmental resources » is admitted. But which «resources » are being referred
to ? Target 10 mentions reduction of the percentage of people without
clean drinking water and basic sanitation services by half. Why 50% ? Which implications does this percentage
have for the various national policies ? What are «basic sanitation
services » ? Why just 100 million slum dwellers (target 11) ?
Why not all of them ? Why not 50.000.000 ? On the basis of which
logic has the number 100.000.000 slum
dwellers been formulated ?.What do the words «significantly improve »
mean?
1. Opinion.
On one page
write three paragraphs, one for target 09, one for target 10, and one for
target 11 expressing your preliminary views on the questions put in the
previous paragraph.
The
following part of this section 07 Target 09 : Ensure environmental sustainability
covers only target 09. Targets 10 (water
and sanitation) and 11 (slum dwellers)
are be covered in section 07A Targets 10 and 11 : Water, sanitation and
slums.
The UNDP World Report on Human Development 2007/2008 provides the following tables for target 09 : Loss of environmental resources
Indicator 25 : Forested land as a percentage of land area. (FAO) [World Report on Human
Development 2007/2008 table
22]
Indicator 26 : Ratio of protected area to maintain biological diversity to surface area. (UNEP) [Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, June 1992].
Indicator 27 : Energy supply (apparent consumption : kg oil
equivalent) per 1000 dollar (PPP) gross
domestic product (GDP). (World Bank) [World Report on Human
Development 2007/2008 table
22].>
Indicator 28 : Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) and consumption of
ozone depleting CFCs ( ODP tons [World Report on Human
Development 2007/2008 table 24]
Indicator 29 : Proportion of population using solid fuels (UNEP) [World Report on Human Development 2007/2008 table 23].
Some
of the tables refer only indirectly to some aspects:
22
Energy and environment : Forested area.
24
Carbon dioxide emissions and reserves: Carbons reserves in forest biomass.
25
Situation with regard to international treaties on the environment.
The sense of the
indicators for target 09 «Loss of environmental resources » is not
clear. In any case the texts of the Plan of
Implementation of the Millennium Goals refer to them
indirectly only. The environmental issue seems to be more a problem of rich
countries than poor ones, although it is the poor countries that suffer from
the consequences of the exaggerated consumption of the rich ones. For example,
the average annual energy consumption of the OECD countries in 2004 was 8795 KW
hours per person [World Report on Human
Development 2007/2008 table
22] while that of the least developed countries was 199 KW. hours per person, a
ratio of 1 : 74. In 2004, average
annual carbon dioxide emissions in OECD countries amounted to 11.5 tons per
inhabitant [World Report on Human
Development 2007/2008 table
24] while the figure for the least developed countries was 0,2 tons per
inhabitant, a ratio of 1 : 57.
2. Opinion.
On one page,
comment on the difference in energy consumption 1 : 74, and the difference
in carbon dioxide emissions 1 : 57 cited by the World Report on Human
Development 2007/2008
The
following sections of the Plan of
Implementation of the Millennium Goals mention target 09 : Loss of environmental
resources :
The
title of Section III (Articles 14-23) of the Plan of
Implementation of the Millennium Goals is : «Changing unsustainable
patterns of consumption and production ».
Let’s
start with article 14, which reads :
“14. Fundamental changes in the way societies produce and consume are indispensable for achieving global sustainable development. All countries should promote sustainable consumption and production patterns, with the developed countries taking the lead and with all countries benefiting from the process …...”
It
is therefore the developed countries who show the way, and the others who will
follow.
Look
at website Globalis –Indicator Ecological
Footprint 2001. A second
resource is the Global Footprint Net. Choose statistics for the countries which
interest you.
3. Research.
On one page make
a list of 10 industrialised countries and 10 of the poorest countries, plus
Cuba. Next to the countries note information on the ecological footprint. What
are your conclusions?
At
the website of the Conference Board of Canada,
section « Environment – water consumption you will find water consumption figures in
2000 of 16 industrialised countries. The lowest consumption (United Kingdom,
Denmark) is about
Check your analysis of water needs in section 2 (Drinking water) of Block 1 of the course.
4. Opinion.
On one page,
compare the consumption of water in the industrialised countries with that in
your chosen area.
Let’s
pass on to article 15 of Section III of the Plan of Implementation
of the Millennium Goals, which reads :
“15.
Encourage and promote the development of a 10-year framework of programmes in
support of regional and national initiatives to accelerate the shift towards
sustainable consumption and production to promote social and economic
development ……. with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account
the development needs and capabilities of developing countries, through
mobilization, from all sources, of financial and technical assistance and
capacity-building for developing countries….”
and
article 18, which says:
“18.
Enhance corporate environmental and social responsibility and accountability.
This would include actions at all levels to:
(a)
…..taking into account such initiatives as the International Organization for
Standardization standards and Global Reporting Initiative guidelines on
sustainability reporting ….”
5. Opinion.
Write one page on which form of
responsibility you think is being referred to in article 18. Who
controls the organisations cited in 18 (a) ? What is the purpose of the
standards ? Are the standards relevant to the development of poor
countries ? Why ?
Article
19 reads :
“19.
Encourage relevant authorities at all levels to take sustainable development
considerations into account…..to:
(b) Continue to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the costs of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment; ”
The
issue of the evaluation and internalisation of the social costs of economic
instruments was first raised by Prof. Olav Hohmeyer in his study «The Social
Costs of Energy Consumption », Springer-Verlag,
Berlin-Heidelberg, 1988. (The
study is not available in the internet.)
The cost of traditional energy consumption, taking the social costs
relating to production, distribution, and use of energy into account, would be
much higher, today and, according to Hohmeyer was already higher in 1988, than
that of wind energy.
Article
20, which is very long and very detailed, refers to energy. It reads :
“20. Call upon Governments as well as relevant
regional and international organizations and other relevant stakeholders to
implement, taking into account national and regional specificities and
circumstances, the recommendations and conclusions adopted by the Commission on
Sustainable Development concerning energy for sustainable development ……..to :
“……..
(d) Combine, as appropriate,
the increased use of renewable energy resources, more efficient use of energy,
greater reliance on advanced energy technologies, including advanced and
cleaner fossil fuel technologies, and the sustainable use of traditional energy
resources, which could meet the growing need for energy services in the longer
term to achieve sustainable development;
…….
(p) Policies
to reduce market distortions ……………including restructuring taxation and phasing
out harmful subsidies……
…….
(t) Countries
are urged to develop and implement actions ……. including through public-private
partnerships…… in the field of access to energy, …………. including advanced and
cleaner fossil fuel technologies;”
On this subject, refer also to
the Political Declaration signed 4th June 2004, during the International
conference for renewable energies, held in
“support the development of
thriving markets for renewable energy technologies and recognise the important
role of the private sector. This includes removing barriers and allowing for
fair competition in energy markets and taking into account the concept of
internalising external costs for all energy sources. ”
Compare this
with the following comment by the UNEP (United Nations Environment
Programme) :
“Energy
subsidies vary greatly in their focus, size, scope, duration, and geographical
distribution. In non-OECD countries, subsidies are most prominently used to
promote consumption, whereas in OECD countries, they largely take the form of
tax breaks or direct payments to producers for stimulating production or
research and development. World annual energy subsidies are on the order of
$250 to $300 billion, with fossil fuel subsidies accounting for almost $200
billion.” (Resource : Brochure UNEP United Nations
Environment Programme. )
Of the US$
250-300 billion mentioned, US$ 33 billion was reserved for «low fossil
carbon » fuel, of which 16 billion for nuclear energy, US$ 11
billion for all of the renewable energies together, and US$ 6 billion for bio-fuels.
These
subsidies are two and a half times the total of development aid of all OECD
countries together in 2006, including debt relief. ( Development Aid from OECD
countries fell 5.1% in 2006”,
It has proved difficult to get accurate information,
often to get any useful information at all, on government subsidies to the
fossil fuel (gas, coal, oil) industries. (Ask Your Government Survey, Global Subsidies Initiative,
For a detailed item by item analysis of subsidies applied to the nuclear
power industry see Appendix A to the report by
Koplow D., Nuclear Power : Still not
Viable without Subsidies, Union of Concerned Scientists,
6. Opinion.
On one page, give your evaluation of articles 19 and 20 of the Plan of
Implementation of the Millennium Goals.
Article 22 Plan of
Implementation of the Millennium Goals is about waste recycling. It
provides :
“22.
Prevent and minimize waste and maximize reuse, recycling and use of
environmentally friendly alternative materials……..to:
(a)
Develop waste management systems, with the highest priority placed on waste
prevention and minimization, reuse and recycling, and environmentally sound
disposal facilities……..
(b)
Promote waste prevention and minimization by encouraging production of reusable
consumer goods and biodegradable products and developing the infrastructure
required.”
Table 2a, on
page 11 of the OECD environmental data:
Compendium 2006-2008 shows statistics on municipal and household waste in the
30 OECD countries. The average is +/- 1200
kg per person per year, more than
7. Opinion.
On one page list at least five
well-known examples of export of pollution by industrialised countries to your zone
(if applicable, to your country). Did the polluter support the costs? What are
your conclusions ?
◄ Second block : Problems
to be solved.
◄ Index : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)
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