NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM
Edition
03: 27 August, 2010
E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)
SECTION A : DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS.
Study value :
04 points out of 18.
Indicative
study time: 112 hours out of 504.
Study points
are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development
Problems has been passed.
Second block : The problems to be solved.
Study points : 02 points out
of 18
Expected work required: 55
hours out of 504
The two study points will be
finally awarded on successful completion of the consolidated exam for
Section 1. Analysis of the Millennium Goals. [22
hours]
[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the
Millennium Goals.
[04.00 Hours] Preparation report Section 1 of Block
2.
[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the
services made available by integrated development projects.
[05.00 Hours]
Preparation report Section 2 of Block 2.
Second block : Exam. [ 4 hours each attempt]
Consolidated exam for Section A : Development problems (for
passage to Section B of the course : [ 6 hours each attempt].
Section
1. Analysis of the Millennium Goals. [22 hours]
[18.00 Hours]
Analysis of the Millennium Goals.
00. Summary of the Millennium
Goals.
01. Eradicate extreme poverty
and hunger.
02. Achieve universal primary
education.
03. Promote gender equality
and empower women.
06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria
and other diseases.
07. Target 09 : Ensure
environmental sustainability.
07. Targets 10 and 11 :
Water, sanitation and slums.
08. Develop a global
partnership for development.
[18.00 Hours]
Analysis of the Millennium Goals.
04. Reduce child mortality.
(Children under the age of 5) . (At least two hours).
Look at slide: Reduce child mortality.
The Millennium Project,
commissioned by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, has produced a
report called A practical plan to achieve
the Millennium Development Goals – 2002-2006. With effect from 1 January 2007 reporting on
the Millennium Development Goals was taken over
by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) which brings out
annual reports on progress made in achieving the Development Goals. The report
referred to here is the Millennium Development Goals
Report 2008. The most recent
report published is The Millennium Development
Goals Report 2010. Analysis of these documents is included in parts Goals 1-4 and Goals 5-8 in Section 8 of Block 5.
Millennium
Goal 4
is about the reduction of child mortality and the percentage of children
aged 1 vaccinated against measles.
It refers to child
health.
On the issue
of health, refer to section 1 of block 1
analysis : health and
sanitation and in-depth review of health and sanitation
of the course..
The UNDP World Report on Human
Development 2007/2008
provides the following tables :
06 One year olds
fully immunized against measles.
08 Infant mortality
rate, and under-five mortality rate.
1. Opinion.
On one page explain on which information you think the UNDP statistics
are based. Do you think they accurately represent the reality ? Why ?
The Millennium
health goals are covered in articles 53-57 of
Section VI : « Health and sustainable development », of
the Plan of
Implementation of the Millennium Goals
Article 53 reads:
“ 53. …..The goals of sustainable development can only be achieved in
the absence of a high prevalence of debilitating diseases, while obtaining
health gains for the whole population requires poverty eradication. There is an
urgent need to address the causes of ill health, including environmental
causes, and their impact on development, with particular emphasis on women and
children, as well as vulnerable groups of society, such as people with
disabilities, elderly persons and indigenous people.”
Paragraphs
b) and g) of article 54 state:
“(b) Promote
equitable and improved access to affordable and efficient health-care services,
including prevention, at all levels of the health system, essential and safe
drugs at affordable prices, immunization services and safe vaccines and medical
technology;
…
(g) Target
research efforts and apply research results to priority public health issues,
in particular those affecting susceptible and vulnerable populations, through
the development of new vaccines, reducing exposures to health risks, building
on equal access to health-care services, education, training and medical
treatment and technology and addressing the secondary effects of poor health; ”
According to
article 53 sustainable development can be attained only in the absence of
diseases. It is therefore necessary to “address the causes of ill health”.
To do this
one has to promote the availability
of “essential and safe [sic] drugs at
affordable prices, immunization services and safe [sic] vaccines and medical
technology.”
2. Opinion.
Write two pages. On the first page, you
express your satisfaction with the articles
as director of a pharmaceuticals multinational On the second page you
are the representative of a developing country responsible for the negotiations
for the Implementation Plan. Explain how and why articles 53 and 54 came to
have the cited texts.
Millennium
Goal 4 is reviewed in pages 87-97 of the UNIFEM
report Making the MDGs Work
for All .
Section A of
the review is entitled : Issues for a gender-responsive rights-based analysis.
Point 5, on
page 89, includes a reference to a study by Bryce et al (2003). It
reads :
“5. Most children who do not survive
to their fifth birthday die from preventable causes.
A 2005 study found that 73 percent of the 10.6 million
child deaths worldwide each year are the result of six causes: pneumonia,
diarrhoea, malaria, neonatal sepsis, preterm delivery and asphyxia at birth.
The first four causes account for 54 percent of all child deaths globally. 94
percent of all child deaths due to malaria are in Africa.[121] While measles is
not among the six leading causes of child deaths, it is responsible for almost
half a million deaths of children each year and results in blindness or loss of
hearing in many others. The proportion of one-year-old children immunised
against measles—global indicator 4.3—may be regarded as an indicator of the
effectiveness and efficiency of the preventive health system. However at
country level, alternative indicators which reflect more directly the main
causes of child mortality in that country may be more relevant.”
In their article (registration required to obtain free
access) «Where and why are 10 million children dying every
year » (The Lancet, Vol. 361, edition 9376, pp 2226-2234,
June 2003) authors Black R.E., Morris S.S. and Bryce J. explain the
consequences of inadequate nourishment, including lack of vitamin A and/or
zinc, on child mortality :
“We used a prediction model to estimate the distribution of deaths in
children younger than 5 years by cause for the 42 countries with 90% of all
such deaths in 2000.[32]
Estimates and uncertainty bounds were: 22% of deaths attributed to diarrhoea
(14-30%), 21% to pneumonia (14-24%), 9% to malaria (6-13%), 1% to measles
(1-9%), 3% to AIDS, 33% to neonatal causes (29-36%), 9% to other causes, and
fewer than 1% to unknown causes (figure 3). ”
The percentage
participation attributed to malnutrition is +/- 60%. In the case of malaria,
+/- 50% of deaths are attributable to malnutrition. Much neonatal mortality is
due to malnutrition, in particular to lack of breast-feeding.
Refer also to «Knowledge into action for
child survival », The Bellagio Study Group on Child
Survival, The Lancet, Vol. 363, edition 9380, pp. 323-327, July 2003.
According to the Lancet report, measles accounts for
just 1% of the 10.000.000 (or 100.000) children who die. Of the 100.000 cases,
at least 50% are caused by malnutrition. That gives a number of 50.000 deaths
and not 500.000 deaths as cited above in
the report Making the MDGs Work
for All .
Point 7 on page 90 of the report Making the MDGs Work
for All reads :
“The role of mothers is recognized as critical in
improving child survival—it is mothers or grandmothers who are primarily
responsible for the care of under-five children. However, they may lack the
economic resources, time, and/or access to transport which is necessary to
access health care for their children. They also often lack the power and
authority to make critical decisions that may make the difference between a
child living or dying.”
“Higher levels of mothers’ education result in a
significant reduction in child mortality. Although mother’s education is not
included as an indicator for Goal 4, the Millennium Development Goals Report
2006 notes that secondary or higher education for mothers doubles child
survival.[122].”
And on page 92 :
“Eliminating extreme poverty, particularly its greater
impact on women, and promoting women’s empowerment and gender equality are
essential components of an integrated approach to Goal
3. Opinion.
Make a two-page analysis explaining on the first page the importance
nutrition and the social conditions of women in the fight against child
mortality. On the second page apply your
observations and conclusions to your chosen area.
◄ Second block : Problems
to be solved.
◄ Index : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)
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