NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM
Edition
04: 30 August, 2010
E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)
SECTION A : DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS.
Study value :
04 points out of 18.
Indicative
study time: 112 hours out of 504.
Study points
are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development
Problems has been passed.
Second block : The problems to be solved.
Study points : 02 points out
of 18
Expected work required: 55
hours out of 504
The two study points will be finally
awarded on successful completion of the consolidated exam for Section A :
Development problems.
Section 1. Analysis of the Millennium Goals. [22
hours]
[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the
Millennium Goals.
[04.00 Hours] Preparation report Section 1 of Block
2.
[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the
services made available by integrated development projects.
[05.00 Hours]
Preparation report Section 2 of Block 2.
Second block : Exam. [ 4 hours each attempt]
Consolidated exam for Section A : Development problems (for
passage to Section B of the course : [ 6 hours each attempt].
Section
1. Analysis of the Millennium Goals. [22 hours]
[18.00 Hours]
Analysis of the Millennium Goals.
00. Summary of the Millennium
Goals.
01. Eradicate extreme poverty
and hunger.
02. Achieve universal primary
education.
03. Promote gender equality
and empower women.
06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria
and other diseases.
07. Target 09 : Ensure
environmental sustainability.
07. Targets 10 and 11 :
Water, sanitation and slums.
08. Develop a global
partnership for development.
[18.00 Hours]
Analysis of the Millennium Goals.
06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria
and other diseases. (At least 2 hours).
Look at slide: Combat
HIV/aids, malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases.
Millennium
Goal 6 is about HIV/Aids, malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases.
On
health in general review your notes on section 1 of block 1 analysis : health and sanitation and in-depth analysis health and sanitation of the course. See also section 04. Reduce child mortality,
which covers amongst other things the issues of malaria and measles.
For a good general
reference on an integrated approach to health issues refer to Costello A. et
al, Managing the health effects of
climate change, Lancet
(The) Vol. 373, Issue 9676, pp. 1693-1733 with University College London
(Institute for Global Health Commission), London, 2009. [Registration is required for free access].
The UNDP World Report on Human
Development 2007/2008 provides
the following tables :
In connection with
the number of births attended by qualified personnel :
06 Commitment to
health : percentage immunised against tuberculosis and measles; contraceptive prevalence rate.
08 Inequalities in
maternal and child health. : children totally immunised
09. HIV Prevalence;
anti-malaria measures; condom use at
last high-risk sex
Millennium Goal 6
contains 2 targets (HIV/aids, and the other
diseases), and 7 indicators.
1.
Opinion.
On one page, taking into consideration
your earlier work, explain why you think so much attention seems to be
dedicated to this goal.
Millennium goal 6
is covered in Articles 53-
Article
53 was already discussed in section 04. Reduce child mortality.
It
reads :
“53.
The goals of sustainable development can only be achieved in the absence of a
high prevalence of debilitating diseases, while obtaining health gains for the
whole population requires poverty eradication. There is an urgent need to
address the causes of ill health, including environmental causes, and their
impact on development, with particular emphasis on women and children, as well
as vulnerable groups of society, such as people with disabilities, elderly
persons and indigenous people.”
Paragraphs
b) and g) read:
«(b)
Promote equitable and improved access to affordable and efficient health-care
services, including prevention, at all levels of the health system, essential
and safe drugs at affordable prices, immunization services and safe vaccines
and medical technology;
…
(g)
Target research efforts and apply research results to priority public health
issues, in particular those affecting susceptible and vulnerable populations,
through the development of new vaccines, reducing exposures to health risks, building
on equal access to health-care services, education, training and medical
treatment and technology and addressing the secondary effects of poor health; “
Paragraph 55 of the
Plan of
Implementation of the Millennium Goals refers to target 7 on HIV/aids :
“55. Implement,
within the agreed time frames, all commitments agreed in the Declaration of
Commitment on HIV/AIDS adopted by the General
Assembly at its twenty-sixth special session, emphasizing in particular the
reduction of HIV prevalence among young men and women aged 15 to 24 by 25 per
cent in the most affected countries by 2005, and globally by 2010, as well as
combat malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases by, inter alia:
(a) Implementing national preventive and treatment strategies, regional and international cooperation measures and the development of international initiatives to provide special assistance to children orphaned by HIV/AIDS;
(b) Fulfilling commitments for the provision of sufficient resources to support the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, while promoting access to the Fund by countries most in need;
(c) Protecting the health of workers and promoting occupational safety, by, inter alia, taking into account, as appropriate, the voluntary Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work of the International Labour Organization, to improve conditions of the workplace;
(d) Mobilizing adequate public, and encouraging private, financial resources for research and development on diseases of the poor, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, directed at biomedical and health research, as well as new vaccine and drug development. ”
2.
Opinion.
On one
page, describe why, in your opinion, the descriptions of actions
concerning HIV/ aids appear, when compared with the descriptions of other goals
and targets, to be so detailed.
Articles
53 and 55 on their own were apparently not considered sufficient. Section 64
b) of
section VIII of the Plan of
Implementation of the Millennium Goals which is more specifically dedicated to
sustainable development in Africa provides :
(b) Make available necessary drugs and technology in a sustainable and affordable manner to fight and control communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, and trypanosomiasis, as well as non-communicable diseases, including those caused by poverty and, as a last “supplement”, article 100 of section X the Plan of Implementation of the Millennium Goals , which is about the “means of implementation” provides :
“100. Address the public health problems affecting many developing and least developed countries, especially those resulting from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics, while noting the importance of the Doha Declaration on the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) and public health, in which it was agreed that the TRIPS Agreement does not and should not prevent WTO members from taking measures to protect public health. Accordingly, while reiterating our commitment to the TRIPS Agreement, we reaffirm that the Agreement can and should be interpreted and implemented in a manner supportive of WTO members' right to protect public health and, in particular, to promote access to medicines for all.”
“The
declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health” was adopted in
In
practice amendment ADIPC WT/L/641 makes
it possible for poor countries to import pharmaceutical products made under
licence in other countries (
3.
Opinion.
On two pages write a dialogue between
the manager international affairs of a pharmaceuticals multinational with a
partner producing medicines under licence in
In respect of HIV/aids, women are believed to make up half of the people suffering from HIV/aids.
“Because
most men who buy sex either are married or will get married, significant
numbers of ostensibly ‘low-risk’ women who only have sex with their husbands
are exposed to HIV.” (p. 112)
“Women's risk of exposure to HIV/AIDS is increased by poverty, poor nutrition, low levels of education, illiteracy, lack of information on HIV/AIDS, lack of knowledge about sexuality and inability to discuss it with sexual partners, and lack of empowerment among women in general and sex workers in particular to negotiate safe sex with partners and clients. “ (p. 121)
“The
majority of primary caregivers are women, including girls and grandmothers. The
physical burden of care is so heavy that it leaves little time or energy for
economic activity to provide a livelihood for the family.” (p.123)
Malaria.
Each
year, some 50.000.000 women get pregnant in areas where malaria is endemic.
Half of them live in tropical
Tuberculosis.
"In
Dominating
social structures often make it difficult for women to get access to medical
centres.
4.
Opinion.
On one page, try to organise three columns,
one for HIV/aids, one for malaria, and one for tuberculosis. In each column
list local actions you think could be taken in your project area to
substantially reduce the number of cases of death due to HIV/aids, malaria, and
tuberculosis.
◄ Second block : Problems to be solved.
◄ Index : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)
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