NGO Another Way (Stichting Bakens Verzet), 1018 AM Amsterdam, Netherlands.

 

Edition 04: 30 August, 2010

 

E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)

 

Quarter 1.

 

 

SECTION A :  DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS.

 

 

Study value : 04 points out of 18.

Indicative study time: 112 hours out of 504.

 

Study points are awarded only after the consolidated exam for Section A : Development Problems has been passed.

 


 

Second block : The problems to be solved.

 

Study points : 02 points out of 18

Expected work required: 55 hours out of 504

 

The two study points will be finally awarded on successful completion of the consolidated exam for Section A : Development problems.

 


 

Section 1. Analysis of the Millennium Goals. [22 hours]

 

[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the Millennium Goals.

[04.00 Hours] Preparation report Section 1 of Block 2.

 

Section 2: Relate the Millennium Goals to the services for a good quality of life in Section 2 of block 1. [23 hours]

 

[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the services made available by integrated development projects.

[05.00 Hours]  Preparation report Section 2 of Block 2.

 

Second block : Exam. [ 4 hours each attempt]

 

Consolidated exam for Section A : Development problems (for passage to Section B of the course :  [ 6 hours each attempt].

 


 

Section 1. Analysis of the Millennium Goals. [22 hours]

 

[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the Millennium Goals.

 

00. Summary of the Millennium Goals.

01. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

02. Achieve universal primary education.

03. Promote gender equality and empower women.

04. Reduce child mortality.

05. Improve maternal health.

06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases.

07. Target 09 : Ensure environmental sustainability.

07. Targets 10 and 11 : Water, sanitation  and slums.

08. Develop a global partnership for development.

 


 

[18.00 Hours] Analysis of the Millennium Goals.

 

06. Combat HIV/aids, malaria and other diseases. (At least 2 hours).

 


 

Look at slide: Combat HIV/aids, malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases.

 


 

Millennium Goal 6 is about HIV/Aids, malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases.

 

On health in general review your notes on section 1 of block 1  analysis : health and sanitation  and  in-depth analysis health and sanitation  of the course. See also section 04. Reduce child mortality, which covers amongst other things the issues of malaria and measles.

 

For a good general reference on an integrated approach to health issues refer to Costello A. et al, Managing the health effects of climate change, Lancet (The) Vol. 373, Issue 9676, pp. 1693-1733 with University College London (Institute for Global Health Commission), London, 2009.  [Registration is required for free access].

 

The UNDP World Report on Human Development 2007/2008  provides the following tables :

 

In connection with the number of births attended by qualified personnel :

 

06 Commitment to health : percentage immunised against tuberculosis and measles;  contraceptive prevalence rate.

08 Inequalities in maternal and child health. : children totally immunised

09. HIV Prevalence; anti-malaria measures;  condom use at last high-risk sex

 

Millennium Goal 6 contains 2 targets (HIV/aids, and the other  diseases), and 7 indicators.

 

1. Opinion.

 

On one page, taking into consideration your earlier work, explain why you think so much attention seems to be dedicated to this goal.

 

Millennium goal 6 is covered in Articles 53-57 in section VI : « Health and sustainable development», of the Plan of Implementation of the Millennium Goals 

 

Article 53 was already discussed in section 04. Reduce child mortality. 

 

It reads :

 

“53. The goals of sustainable development can only be achieved in the absence of a high prevalence of debilitating diseases, while obtaining health gains for the whole population requires poverty eradication. There is an urgent need to address the causes of ill health, including environmental causes, and their impact on development, with particular emphasis on women and children, as well as vulnerable groups of society, such as people with disabilities, elderly persons and indigenous people.”

 

Paragraphs b) and g) read:

 

«(b) Promote equitable and improved access to affordable and efficient health-care services, including prevention, at all levels of the health system, essential and safe drugs at affordable prices, immunization services and safe vaccines and medical technology; 

(g) Target research efforts and apply research results to priority public health issues, in particular those affecting susceptible and vulnerable populations, through the development of new vaccines, reducing exposures to health risks, building on equal access to health-care services, education, training and medical treatment and technology and addressing the secondary effects of poor health; “

 

Paragraph 55 of the Plan of Implementation of the Millennium Goals  refers to target  7 on HIV/aids :

 

“55. Implement, within the agreed time frames, all commitments agreed in the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS adopted by the General Assembly at its twenty-sixth special session, emphasizing in particular the reduction of HIV prevalence among young men and women aged 15 to 24 by 25 per cent in the most affected countries by 2005, and globally by 2010, as well as combat malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases by, inter alia:

 

(a) Implementing national preventive and treatment strategies, regional and international cooperation measures and the development of international initiatives to provide special assistance to children orphaned by HIV/AIDS;

 

(b) Fulfilling commitments for the provision of sufficient resources to support the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, while promoting access to the Fund by countries most in need;

 

(c) Protecting the health of workers and promoting occupational safety, by, inter alia, taking into account, as appropriate, the voluntary Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work of the International Labour Organization, to improve conditions of the workplace;

 

(d) Mobilizing adequate public, and encouraging private, financial resources for research and development on diseases of the poor, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, directed at biomedical and health research, as well as new vaccine and drug development. 

 

2. Opinion.

 

On one  page, describe why, in your opinion, the descriptions of actions concerning HIV/ aids appear, when compared with the descriptions of other goals and targets, to be so detailed.

 

Articles 53 and 55 on their own were apparently not considered sufficient. Section 64 b)  of  section VIII of the Plan of Implementation of the Millennium Goals  which is more specifically dedicated to sustainable development in Africa provides :

 

(b) Make available necessary drugs and technology in a sustainable and affordable manner to fight and control communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, and trypanosomiasis, as well as non-communicable diseases, including those caused by poverty and, as a last “supplement”, article 100 of section X the Plan of Implementation of the Millennium Goals , which is about the “means of implementation” provides :

 

“100. Address the public health problems affecting many developing and least developed countries, especially those resulting from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics, while noting the importance of the Doha Declaration on the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) and public health, in which it was agreed that the TRIPS Agreement does not and should not prevent WTO members from taking measures to protect public health. Accordingly, while reiterating our commitment to the TRIPS Agreement, we reaffirm that the Agreement can and should be interpreted and implemented in a manner supportive of WTO members' right to protect public health and, in particular, to promote access to medicines for all.”

 

“The declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health” was adopted in Doha on 20th November 2001, at the close of a Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organisation. On 8th December 2005, it was followed up by amendment ADIPC WT/L/641 , which introduced a new article 31 bis to the agreement on Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights, part of the Uruguay Round, reproduced as Annexe C to the Marrakech Agreement instituting the World Trade Organisation signed Marrakech, Morocco on 15th April, 1994.

 

In practice amendment  ADIPC WT/L/641 makes it possible for poor countries to import pharmaceutical products made under licence in other countries (India, for example) in partial derogation of the original licences between the technology owners and the manufacturers in question. The result is that medicines can, at least in theory, be made available to poor countries at a lower price.

 

3. Opinion.

 

On two pages write a dialogue between the manager international affairs of a pharmaceuticals multinational with a partner producing medicines under licence in India ,and the Minister of Health from one of the least developed countries who is not convinced of his possibilities of access to Indian-made medicines from India under the amendment ADIPC WT/L/641.

 

 

Pages 112- 123 of the UNIFEM Report Making the MDGs Work for All  cover Millennium goal 6.

 

In respect of HIV/aids,  women are believed to make up half of the people suffering from HIV/aids.

 

“Because most men who buy sex either are married or will get married, significant numbers of ostensibly ‘low-risk’ women who only have sex with their husbands are exposed to HIV.” (p. 112)

 

“Women's risk of exposure to HIV/AIDS is increased by poverty, poor nutrition, low levels of education, illiteracy, lack of information on HIV/AIDS, lack of knowledge about sexuality and inability to discuss it with sexual partners, and lack of empowerment among women in general and sex workers in particular to negotiate safe sex with partners and clients. “ (p. 121)

 

“The majority of primary caregivers are women, including girls and grandmothers. The physical burden of care is so heavy that it leaves little time or energy for economic activity to provide a livelihood for the family.” (p.123)

 

Malaria.

 

Each year, some 50.000.000 women get pregnant in areas where malaria is endemic. Half of them live in tropical Africa. Malarial infection in pregnant women leads to the death of  about 10.000 women and 200.000 children each year. More than half of these deaths are caused by serious malarial anaemia. (See «Where and why are 10 million children dying every year »  (The Lancet, Vol. 361, edition 9376, pp  2226-2234, June 2003) and «Knowledge into action for child survival » , The Bellagio Study Group on Child Survival, The Lancet, Vol. 363, edition 9380, pp. 323-327, July 2003, which were both cited in the section of the course on the reduction of child mortality.

 

Tuberculosis.

 

"In Africa, tuberculosis is the most important cause of death of people suffering from HIV/aids. More women die each year of tuberculosis than of all maternal mortality causes combined. Biologically, women are at greater risk of tuberculosis than men, and they progress faster from infection to active tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is the single biggest killer of young women. ” ( Report Making the MDGs Work for All, p. 114) 

 

Dominating social structures often make it difficult for women to get access to medical centres.

 

4. Opinion.

 

On one page, try to organise three columns, one for HIV/aids, one for malaria, and one for tuberculosis. In each column list local actions you think could be taken in your project area to substantially reduce the number of cases of death due to HIV/aids, malaria, and tuberculosis.

 



 Second block :  Problems to be solved.


Index : Diploma in Integrated Development  (Dip. Int. Dev)

 List of key words.

 List of references.

  Course chart.

 Technical aspects.


 Courses available.

Homepage Bakens Verzet.


 

Creative Commons License.

 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Licence.