NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens
Verzet), 1018 AM
01. E-course :
Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev)
Edition
03: 01 September, 2010
Edition
04 : 15 April, 2011
Edition
05 : 12 August, 2011.
SECTION B :
SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS.
Study points : 06 points out of 18.
Minimum study
time : 186 hours out of 504
The points
are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for Section B :
Solutions to the Problems.
Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific
problems.
Study points : 02 points out of 18
Minimum study time : 54 hours out of 504
The
points are awarded only on passing the consolidated exam for Section B :
Solutions to the Problems.
Fifth block : How the third block structures solve specific
problems.
Section 5: Sustainability. [5
hours]
02.00 Hours analysis of Model material.
02.00 Hours in-depth analysis.
01.00 Report.
Section 5: Sustainability. [5
hours]
Analysis of Model material.
(At least 2 hours)
Ecological aspects of the project.
“Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.” Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development : Our Common Future [the Brundtland Report],
United Nations,
“A sustainable community goal cannot involve making a community better
by making another community worse off.” Sustainable Community Indicators : Trainers Workshop, Hart
Environmental Data,
Introduction
Integrated development projects are 100% ecological.
They are based on the use of renewable energies, and in particular on
the use of solar photovoltaic cells to power
the distributed drinking water structures. The eco-sanitation structures
planned compost waste materials on site. Urine and faeces never come into
contact either with drinking water or with surface or underground waters.
Non-organic wastes are collected and recycled where possible under the
local money systems set up for productive uses within the project area .
The use of high
efficiency stoves eliminates smoke and fine particles hazards inside and around
users’ homes. The replacement of fire-wood and charcoal by locally made
min-briquettes safeguards forests and minimises CO2 emissions. The project
should in principle qualify for CER (carbon emission
reduction) certificates under the
The local production of items made from gypsum composites is also
entirely ecological. The working cycle is such that the very small quantity of
water needed during one phase of the cycle is recycled in a second phase of the
cycle without the loss of any used or dirty water into the environment. Gypsum
composite products are themselves 100% ecological. They are always repairable.
Should they no longer be needed, they can be returned to the production units
for 100% recycling to make new products. Material used is never lost to the
environment, but even if it were, would not harm persons or things.
The use of gypsum composite materials may well cause fine dust inside
the production units and in areas immediately surrounding them, and the
quarries. For this reason, the working of gypsum composites in restricted areas
should always be accompanied by the use of protection for eyes and lungs to
avoid irritation. The project involves manual mining and manual working of
materials on a very small scale, to the order of a few hundred tons a year.
Much of the work takes place in spaces that are not closed in. Gypsum itself
and as it is used for integrated development purposes is not hazardous.
The quarrying of gypsum can in principle cause the need to re-locate a
few families whose homes may be situated directly on top of the gypsum
deposits. The amounts of gypsum required, are however, so small that the need
to re-locate anyone is unlikely.
Exploitation rights relating to the gypsum deposits are held by the
project on behalf of the inhabitants of the community where the gypsum deposits
are situated. Used quarry areas will be turned into useful local social
structures according to the preferences expressed by the inhabitants, who are
also the owners of the land.
Waste recycling
structures.
For details
see waste recycling structures :
organisation et waste recycling structures :
technique in section 5 the service structures
of the fourth block the structures
to be created.
See also food sovereignty in section 4: food crisis of
this fifth block.
Collection of urine, grey water, (composted) faeces,
and non-organic waste is organised during the course of organisational
workshops.
The
operations will take place under the local money LETS systems. A separate
interest-free credit fund is provided in the budget for the purchase of
equipment which is not available locally and/or which has to be paid for in
formal currency.
In
principle, the equipment used should not require the consumption of imported
energy (electricity, diesel, petrol etc) which causes an on-going financial
leakage from the project area. Transport distances should be kept as short as
possible.
Structures for the
elimination of smoke hazards from and around homes.
For a
complete description see structures for the elimination of smoke in and around
homes in section 5 service structures
of block 4 service structures: analysis of the
course.
See also the article PV and biomass aspects of sustainable self-financing integrated
development projects and their financing prepared for the Conference on Renewable
Energies for Rural Development,
Aeration, and in particular the elimination of
smoke in and around homes in developing countries is one of the most important
aspects for a healthy life. It is widely
overlooked.
In poor countries, and in
particular in
“... extensive and long term
exposure to combustion products in confined environments is a major cause of
disease .... this is a priority area for research and prevention measures”.
Not only individual homes but entire villages are subjected to the smoke hazard
two or three times per day around the time when meals are being prepared.
Projects
under the Model must therefore introduce locally-built high efficiency cooking
stoves to reduce and if possible eliminate the smoke hazard from family homes
and villages. The ecological advantages and CO2 savings initiatives relating to
and the economic aspects of the introduction of high efficiency stoves in
project areas are discussed in detail in section 07.07 Analysis of Costs and
Benefits.
Construction
of mini-briquettes.
Projects, at least in theory, can qualify for
Carbon Emission Reduction Certificates under the Kyoto Treaty. Within the
framework of self-financing integrated development projects there is a market
for 20.000 – 30.000 high efficiency cookers in at least 10.000 families.
Assuming a fuel saving of 6.5 kg/day of fuel in each family, savings amount to
65 tons of wood per day or 23725 tons per year. Converted into tons of CO2,
that is 18705 tons of CO2 per year. Assuming a market value of Euro 24 per ton of CO2,
this amounts to a credit of nearly €450.000 per project per year to which other
cost and time savings can be added. For full information on this please see Kyoto Treaty : Analysis
of possibilities
for finance.
Use of renewable
energies.
The Interactive Renewable Energy Toolkit (iRET),
published in CD form by Practical Action,
See also
the following articles:
New
horizons for renewable
energy technologies in poverty alleviation projects , published in
"Refocus" October, 2001 pages 22-25.
PV and biomass aspects of
sustainable self-financing integrated development projects and their financing,
article prepared for the Conference on Renewable Energies for Rural
Development,
PV, a cornerstone of sustainable self-financing integrated development
projects for poverty alleviation in developing countries, presented
at the 17th European Photovoltaic Energy Conference,
Financial leakage from poor areas caused by the importation of energy,
including energy produced in other areas of the project’s host country, is one
of the main causes of poverty. This bitter reality means that to stop the
financial leakage importation of energy into the project area must be stopped. This
means that energy consumed in the project area must be produced there. Since
the project area has no existing energy distribution network the production of
energy for local use must necessarily be decentralised. Since the amount of
energy which can be locally produced is limited, priorities for energy
applications have to be rigorously defined. An attempt must be made to reach an
ethical balance between the benefits of structures and their cost. The projects
cover the cost of energy resources for public services. The costs of energy
resources for local productivity increase are covered under the interest-free cooperative
micro-credit structures created in each project area. For more detailed
information on the financial structures of integrated development projects see financial structures. The cost of energy resources for individual comfort
purposes are not covered directly by the projects, which however support the
formation of voluntary cooperative purchasing groups.
Typical projects provide for the installation of about 200 solar pumping
systems, with photovoltaic panels with an installed power of 60 KW ; the installation of PV systems in schools and
clinics ; and 200 PV lighting systems for study purposes.
The projects also offer possibilities for small scale local generation
of renewable energies for specific activities such as small milling
installations and other similar public services. For more information refer to A green oil for the world. Locally grown fuels
for generators. (By courtesy of Sun & Wind Energy Magazine);
LED lights for lighting.
Information from the Light Up the World Foundation; Plant oil for small-scale
energy generation.
Warning ! This is about local production of sustainable
energy resources for local use. Read the article Jatropha et Souveraineté Alimentaire
by M.Oudet, SEDELAN,
Nature
conservation.
The
ley de derechos
de la madre tierra
(law on the rights of Mother Earth) was passed by the parliament of
[Translation
from the Spanish by Stichting Bakens
Verzet]
1. To life. The right to maintenance and
integrity of life systems and the natural processes supporting them as well as
the capacity and conditions for their regeneration.
2. To diversity of life. The right to the
conservation of differentiation and diversity of living things (seres) composing Mother Earth
without artificial genetic alteration or modification of their structures in
any form threatening their existence, functioning, and future potential.
3. To water . The right to conservation of the
functioning of water cycles, and its existence in the quantity and quality
necessary to support life systems and the protection of water against
contamination for the reproduction of the life of Mother Earth and all her
components.
4. To clean air. The right to the conservation of the
quality and composition of the air for the support of life systems and its
protection against contamination for the reproduction of the life of Mother
Earth and all her components.
5. To balance. The rights to the maintenance or restoration of the
interaction, interdependence, complementarity and
functionality of the components of Mother Earth balanced for the continuation
of her cycles and the reproduction of her vital processes.
6. To restoration. The right
to appropriate and effective restoration of life systems directly or indirectly
affected by human activities.
7. To life without contamination. The right to protection of
Mother Earth against contamination of any of her components such as by toxic
and radioactive residues generated by human activities.
Integrated
development projects guarantee respect for all of the rights of Mother Earth
mentioned in law 071.
Natural parks and reserves
The possibilities opened up
for the active conservation of parks and
reserves of inestimable ecological value for the benefits of the present
and future generations. These assets are usually in jeopardy due to chronic
lack of financing.
Interesting possibilities
exist for productive cooperation between the inhabitants of the project area ,
through the structures set up in the course of project execution, and the
management of the reserve, to set up a sustainable development of this
resource.
The reserve management may
become member of the local money system set up by the project. This way it can
make use of local labour and services
without needing any formal money. The services can include maintenance,
reforestation, guards, conservation of fauna and flora, and the construction of
infrastructures. The park management may request the installation of
photovoltaic watering points for animals in the reserve.
The costs expressed in local
money debits to the charge of the Park Management can be offset through
strictly sustainable management of resources including the sale of wood
(timber), meat, commercial tourist licences etc.
Nurseries
Nurseries, especially for
the cultivation of native trees, including fruit trees, will be formed as
commercial activities under the local money system set up, with financing of
necessary imported items under the interest-free
micro-credit structures. Fruit trees will be planted along paths between
villages and in public places and placed under the management of needy
families.
There is no limit to the number of fruit and
comestible oil trees which can be planted in project areas. Trees often need
several years to sink their roots . Once this is done, the trees are relatively
immune to drought and provide a second food resource in hard times. Looking
after them in their early years is a productive investment. These activities can give work to the blind and
handicapped.
Nurseries will also be used for other plantations foreseen
under the the Kyoto Treaty
: Analysis of possibilities for finance.
Cooperative seed bank.
The project will set one or
more seed banks up under the local money system. The seed bank(s) will
serve :
1. For the reintroduction and conservation of local and
regional plant sorts threatened with extinction.
2. The preparation and conservation of seeds for local
farmers.
3. The conservation and reintroduction of traditionally
used medicinal plants.
The seed banks may decide to manufacture seed balls
from clay for distribution for the purposes of
forest re-generation in the interests of inhabitants, flora, and fauna.
Water resources.
See drinking water supply
structures: organisation in section 5 service structures of the fourth block the structures to be created of the course.
Except for the drinking water extracted from the wells/boreholes
amounting to about 1250m3 per day for 50.000 people, or
1. Research.
Draw three
columns on one page. Make a list of at least 15 measures taken under integrated
development projects for the protection
of the environment. Next to each one, make a list of the professional
qualifications considered necessary to carry them out. Next to the
qualifications make a note of your conclusions.
2. Research.
The Model
does not provide for specific action for the removal of existing sources of
serious pollution. In some circumstances project structures will be able to
make a major contribution. On one page, explain how.
3. Opinion.
The
Cooperatives for the on-going management of Project Structures will not have
legal power to force polluting industries in their project areas to stop their
polluting activities. You are member of the Central Committee for your project
area. You express to the Central Committee your frustration concerning an oil
multinational which has refused to stop creating pollution. You propose to the
Central Committee the signature of a petition directed to the official
authorities of your choice. Write your petition on two pages. Begin with a list
of the people/authorities who are to receive the petition, then provide a
series of justifications for your petition, indicating the reasons for it, then
make a list of the pollution which has to be stopped and on the basis of which
laws. Conclude with a clear statement of the claims made..
◄ Fifth block : Section 5: Ecology and sustainability.
◄ Fifth block : How fourth block structures solve specific problems.
◄ Main index for the Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip.Int.Dev.)