NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens
Verzet), 1018 AM
01. E-course : Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int.Dev.)
Edition
01: 15 January, 2011
Edition
03 : 31 January, 2011
Study points
: 05 points out of 18
Minimum study
time : 125 hours out of 504
The study
points are awarded upon passing the consolidated exam for
Section C : The Model.
[Study points 03 out of
18]
[Minimum study time: 85 hours
out of 504]
The study
points are awarded upon passing the consolidated exam for
Section C : The Model.
Sect. 5 : Kyoto Treaty : Analysis
of possibilities for finance. (Additional)
03. Potential areas of application of CDM
mechanisms to integrated development projects.
04. Small-scale CDM activities.
06. Selection of the CDM
methodologies for the applications listed in section 03.
08. Notes specific to the role of bamboo in afforestation and reforestation (AR)
projects.
09. CDM funding indications for
the selected applications and methodologies.
08. Notes specific to the role of bamboo in afforestation and reforestation (AR)
projects.
SECTION
08. NOTES SPECIFIC TO THE ROLE OF BAMBOO IN AFFORESTATION
AND REFORESTATION PROJECTS.
1. Introduction.
The use of bamboo for afforestation and reforestation (AR)
projects within the framework of integrated development projects is important
for CDM financing under the
For information on the
potential of bamboo for
The annual productivity of
bamboo varies from 5 to 12 tonnes of biomass per hectare with some 2000-10000
shoots or culms per hectare. This corresponds to 9 to 22 tonnes of CO2 per
hectare per year. Small-scale projects cover up to 15000 tonnes of CO2 per
year. This means that the plantation area required is a minimum of
An integrated development
project will usually have about 200 local development units, each with up to 50
families (up to 250 people). Bamboo has surface roots and be watered during dry
seasons. Each unit will need to attend to a minimum of
Since the bamboo projects generate CDM income over the short term, that is during the first
seven years of operation, the income from
each project area’s bamboo plantations will usually be dedicated to the
repayment of the initial capital costs of the integrated development project in
question. After repayment of the full initial capital amount, residual income
is paid to the Local Cooperative for the
on-going management and maintenance of the project structures. All the
inhabitants in each project area are automatically members of the
Cooperative. The Cooperative may decide either to distribute the funds to its
members and/or use the funds for the extension of the structures it provides.
Assuming the execution of up
to 2500 integrated development projects for West Africa (excluding Nigeria and
Ghana) the scheme for bamboo plantations would produce at least Euro
2. Bamboo cultivation :
water requirements.
A
disadvantage of bamboo cultivation is that it needs a good supply of water, which is
not always available in developing countries, especially in arid and semi-arid
areas.
For ecological reasons,
integrated development projects do not provide for industrial-level or
extensive irrigation schemes. This means that available rainwater in
water-scarce areas might need to be supplemented by labour-intensive hand-fed
drip irrigation, possibly through the recycling of urine and grey water from
households.
For more information on water
requirements of bamboo crops and their yearly distribution see Aspects of Bamboo Agronomy, Kleinhenz B. and Midmore J.,
Academic Press,
Minimum annual rainfall
requirements for bamboo are indicated at
Typical planting densities
are 1000-2500 plants per hectare (monopodial
species) and 150-300 clumps per hectare
(pachymorph species) on an areas of typically 650m x
650m. Bamboo plants respond well to the application of all types of organic
manures. Charcoal from bamboo itself fixes carbon in the soil and retains water
and soil nutrients.
For
more details refer to part 4 of section 09. CDM funding indications for
the selected applications and methodologies.
3.
The main features of bamboo.
“Bamboos provide
raw material for about 1500 known commercial products (Scurlock,
Dayton et al. 2000). These range from handicrafts, such as woven baskets, to
edible bamboo shoots produced by about 200 species, to high value industrial
goods, such as pulp, paper and textiles, bio-fuels, charcoal, housing, panels,
flooring and furniture (Lobovikov, Paudel et al. 2007) ” [Lobovikov,
M., Yiping, L., et al, The poor man’s carbon sink.
Bamboo on climate change and poverty alleviation, cited above,
p.13.] Where they are used to produce
durable goods, large percentages of carbon savings are retained over a long
term in the products. Note, however,
that harvested wood products are still not accepted for carbon accounting under
the Kyoto Protocol, though this issue is under discussion.
Bamboo plantations
produce wide-spread occupational possibilities.
Flowering of bamboo plants
should be avoided. Like other grasses, flowering may be the end of the life
cycle of some bamboo species and may lead to death of the plant and loss of the
sequestered carbon. However the average flowering interval of bamboo is in the
region of 30 years.
Bamboo
attributes for climate change ” [ from Lobovikov,
M., Yiping, L., et al, The poor man’s carbon sink.
Bamboo on climate change and poverty alleviation, cited above, Table
3, p.28]
Attribute |
Advantage |
Disadvantage |
|
|
|
Short rotation. |
Early returns; flexibility
in land use and high nutrient exports; high frequency of adaptation to
climate change; consequence of losing stand; smaller needed for
sustained-yield operation; fits well into crediting periods and tCER concept; fits capital intensity; short exposure to
risks. |
Lowers potential
site-degrading interventions, e.g. area compaction; no l-CERs. |
Continuous
yields. |
Continuous
economic returns, employment, labour demand. |
|
Uneven-aged
management . |
Multitude of products;
no clear-cuts; less soil nutrient
losses and site deterioration;
weeding, herbicide use, establishment-stage risks. |
Difficult access
to interior of sympodial clumps; lower more
difficult monitoring; thinning rules. |
Persisting
rhizomes after culm harvest. |
Low decline in
biomass and carbon store: easy regeneration. |
May impede
intermittent or subsequent agricultural use. |
Plethora of
products. |
Very high
conversion efficiency, low conversion losses;
flexible reaction to market fluctuations; continuous economic benefits
along supply chain from cottage industry to large-scale industrial production. |
|
High appeal to
consumers. |
High economic
returns for bamboo products from T-shirts to medicines to floor panels. |
|
Wood substitute. |
Reduces demand
for timber. |
|
Establishment vegetatively . |
Cheap, easy,
independent of seed years. |
|
Labour intensive. |
Creates
employment or self- employments; sensitive to rising wages at industrial scale
capital extensive; employment for women, youths. |
|
Light when
air-dry. |
Manual skidding
and transport, animal use, no soil compaction. |
|
Possible
integration into agro-forestry schemes. |
Reduces slash and
burn agriculture and/or deforestation; opportunities for climate change
adaptation; synergies mitigation/adaptation. |
Allelopathy (“invasion of
other plant systems”) possible. |
May species,
worldwide distribution. |
Adaptation to specific
sites and climate change possible; use as introduced species; overlap with CDM countries. |
|
Rapid
below-ground growth. |
Site reclamation
and organic matter and carbon accumulation. |
Possible
invasiveness; slope failures on dense root mass. |
C3 – plant. |
Increases
production at higher CO2 concentrations . |
More sensitive to
drought than C4 plants. |
Anatomy and
physiology. |
Low ash-, silica-
and water content as bio-fuel. |
Challenging carbon
monitoring; emissions of methane
and NMVOC; cyanide content. |
Sect. 5 : Kyoto Treaty : Analysis
of possibilities for finance. (Additional)
03. Potential areas of application of CDM
mechanisms to integrated development projects.
04. Small-scale CDM activities.
06. Selection of the CDM
methodologies for the applications listed in section 03.
08. Notes specific to the role of bamboo in afforestation and reforestation (AR)
projects.
09. CDM funding indications for
the selected applications and methodologies.
Exam Block 8 : [4 hours]
Consolidated exam :
Section C. [6 hours].
◄ Eighth block : Section. 5 : Kyoto Treaty : Analysis
of possibilities for finance.
◄ Eighth block : Economic Aspects.
◄ Main index for the Diploma
in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev.)
"Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the
bolt that bars them."
Gesell, Silvio, The Natural Economic Order,
revised English edition, Peter Owen,
“Poverty is created scarcity”
Wahu Kaara,
point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 58th annual
NGO Conference, United Nations,
This
work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-Non-commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Licence.