NGO
Another Way (Stichting Bakens
Verzet), 1018 AM
01. E-course :
Diploma in Integrated Development (Dip. Int. Dev.)
Edition
01: 15 January, 2011
Edition
05 : 21 February, 2011.
Edition
06 : 25 September, 2011.
Study points
: 05 points out of 18
Minimum study
time : 125 hours out of 504
The study
points are awarded upon passing the consolidated exam for
Section C : The Model.
[Study points 03
out of 18]
[Minimum study time: 85 hours
out of 504]
The study
points are awarded upon passing the consolidated exam for
Section C : The Model.
Sect. 5 : Kyoto Treaty : Analysis
of possibilities for finance. (Additional)
03. Potential areas of application of CDM
mechanisms to integrated development projects.
04. Small-scale CDM activities.
06. Selection of the CDM
methodologies for the applications listed in section 03.
08. Notes specific to the role of bamboo in afforestation and reforestation (AR)
projects.
09. CDM funding indications for
the selected applications and methodologies.
06. Selection of the CDM
methodologies for the applications listed in section 03.
SECTION 06. SELECTION OF THE CDM
meTHODLOGIES FOR THE APPLICATIONS LISTED IN SECTION
2.
This section is technical. In it, an attempt is
made to justify the choice of methodology made for each of the thirteen
proposed CDM applications for integrated development
projects.
Choice of methodology is a complex procedure. Contributions to the improvement
of this section are welcome.
The
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has
recently issued a Tool for Selecting CDM
Methodologies and Technologies (United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Risø Centre CD4CDM,
The UNEP tool does not split
methodologies for sub-types CDM sector by CDM sector. This makes it difficult to use.
Details on individual
applications and indicative calculations of possible CDM
funding are included in section 09. CDM funding indications for
the selected applications and methodologies.
01. CO2 savings through the
reduced use of non-renewable biomass for cooking purposes through the
introduction of improved cook-stoves.
Application 01 comes under CDM sector 3 : Energy demand . Possible UNEP tool routing : Power Consumption > sub-level
“Various household installations” > sub-type “Stoves” > small-scale
applications > methodologies AMS-II-G.(Version 2) or AMS-I-C.
Of the two technologies indicated
by UNEP, AMS-II-G.(Version
2 ) is
compatible with CDM Sector 3. AMS-I-C instead
is compatible with CDM sector 1 – energy
industries). AMS-I-C refers to electricity
generation and may therefore be excluded.
AMS-II-G refers to energy efficient
measures in thermal applications of biomass. So the preferred methodology
appears to be AMS-II-G.(Version
2) with
its accompanying “clarification on the
determination of savings in SMS II.G”.
This application may be supplemented by application 08 below, which refers to a
switch from non-renewable to renewable bio-mass for the bio-mass used for the
manufacture of mini-briquettes for the new stoves. Doubling up of CDM credits under application 01 with those in application
08 should be carefully avoided.
A CDM
application in 2009 on biomass residues as the fuel
source for individual stoves complete with proposed new base-line and
monitoring methodologies relates to an actual project in
02. Demonstration projects
for the recovery of forest lands and natural parks and reserves.
Application 02 comes under CDM Sector 14 - Afforestation and
reforestation.
The preferred methodology is AR-AMS-0004 , version 2, 11 June,
2009 – “Approved simplified
baseline and monitoring methodology for small-scale agroforestry
- afforestation and reforestation project activities under the clean development
mechanism.” It
would be used for forest recovery (afforestation or
reforestation) with trees native to each project area. This methodology is not
included in the UNEP Tool for Selecting CDM Methodologies and Technologies.
The prescribed parameters are:
“(a) Project
activities are not implemented on grasslands;
“(b) Project
activities lead to establishment of forest (according to area, height and crown
cover thresholds reported to the EB by the host
Party) and allow for continuation or introduction of a cropping regime;
“(c) The
pre-project crown cover of trees within the project boundary is less than 20%
of the threshold for crown cover reported to the EB
by the host Party;
“(d) If there is a
decrease in the area cultivated with crops attributable to implementation of
the project activity then the decrease is not more than 20% of the total area
cultivated with crops at the start of the project.”
The applicability of Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD)
projects is still under discussion. Lists of REDD
projects so far submitted can be found at the Climate, Community and
Biodiversity Alliance (CBBA) website and
at the Forest Carbon Portal website. Because of the uncertainty still surrounding REDD projects at this time, their use has not been explored
further for use within the framework of integrated development projects.
For an analysis of the effects
of REDD+ proposals see : Key Arguments Against Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+),
Carbon Trade Watch et al,
03. Afforestation
activities in settlements as defined with distributed planting of fruit and nut
trees and similar.
Afforestation in settlements as defined in
2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories, and Good Practice Guidance for
Land-use, Land-use Change, and Forestry published by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)
for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
Kamiyamaguchi, 2003, may include all
developed land i.e., residential, transportation, commercial, and production
(commercial, manufacturing)infrastructure of any size, unless it is already
included under other land-use categories.
The chosen small-scale methodology AR-AMS-0002 (version 2, 17 October 2008)
falls under CDM sector 14 “Afforestation
and reforestation” but is not included in the UNEP Tool for Selecting CDM Methodologies and
Technologies.
The parameters prescribed in AR-AMS-0002
are:
04. Small-scale
agro-forestry activities – such as distributed bamboo plantations on grasslands
and croplands.
Small-scale agro-forestry
activities including but not limited to distributed bamboo plantations on
grasslands and croplands. The come under CDM sector
14 - Afforestation and reforestation.
Methodology AR-AMS-0001 is a “Simplified baseline and monitoring
methodologies for small-scale A/R CDM project
activities implemented on grasslands or croplands with limited displacement of
pre-project activities.” Possible UNEP
tool routing : Afforestation and
Reforestation > sub-level
forests > sub-type either afforestation or reforestation.
The applicable parameters are :
“(a) Project activities are implemented on grasslands or croplands;
“(b) Project activities are implemented on lands where the area of the
cropland within the project boundary displaced due to the project activity is
less than 50 per cent of the total project area;
“(c) Project activities are implemented on lands where the number of
displaced grazing animals is less than 50 per cent of the average grazing
capacity of the project area;
“(d) Project activities are implemented on lands where ≤ 10% of the
total surface project area is disturbed as result of soil preparation for
planting.”
05 Small-scale agro-forestry
activities – distributed demonstration plantations for practical purposes for
local use, including but not limited to Moringa
plantations on marginal lands.
This activities comes under CDM sector 14 - Afforestation and
reforestation. (AR)).
The preferred methodology is AR-AMS-0004 , version 2, 11 June,
2009. Methodology AR-AMS-0004
is not included in the UNEP tool for Selecting CDM Methodologies and
Technologies.
The prescribed parameters are:
“(a) Project
activities are not implemented on grasslands;
“(b) Project
activities lead to establishment of forest (according to area, height and crown
cover thresholds reported to the EB by the host
Party) and allow for continuation or introduction of a cropping regime;
“(c) The
pre-project crown cover of trees within the project boundary is less than 20%
of the threshold for crown cover reported to the EB
by the host Party;
“(d) If there is a
decrease in the area cultivated with crops attributable to implementation of
the project activity then the decrease is not more than 20% of the total area
cultivated with crops at the start of the project.”
06. Demonstration afforestation and/or reforestation (AR)
projects on wetlands using mangroves, eventually other traditional species.
These activities also comes under
CDM Sector 14 - Afforestation
and reforestation.
The preferred methodology is AR-AMS-003, Version 1, 14 December 2007. This is a “simplified baseline and
monitoring methodology for small scale CDM afforestation and reforestation project activities
implemented on wetlands.”
A
possible UNEP tool routing is Afforestation and Reforestation > sub-level forests >
sub-type mangroves.
Applications will usually apply
to re-construction of mangrove forests in mangrove swamps. Other traditional
species will be used according to the bio-spheres involved.
07 Demonstration afforestation
and/or reforestation (AR) projects on lands having
low inherent potential to support living biomass, using Jatropha,
eventually other trees and shrubs.
These activities come under CDM Sector 14 - Afforestation and
reforestation.
The chosen mMethodology
AR-AMS-0005 (Version 2, 8 April 2009)
is not included in the UNEP Tool for Selecting CDM Methodologies and
Technologies. The methodology can be used where project activities are implemented on
areas having low inherent potential to support living biomass without human intervention.
The project activities must be
implemented in areas listed in (i) to (iv) below. The
project participants (PPs) have to provide
evidence/data to show that the selected project sites meet the local/national
criteria for these categories using information from verifiable sources and/or
expert opinion as appropriate:
(iii) Contaminated or mine spoils
lands;
(iv) Highly alkaline or saline soils.
08. Use of renewable biomass
instead of non-renewable biomass with improved cook stoves.
This application comes under CDM Sector 1. Energy industries.
A possible UNEP tool routing is : “Waste” > sub-level “Biomass” >
sub-type “Biomass briquettes” > small-scale applications, methodologies AMS-I-C or AMS-III-B.
The more commonly applied of the
two methodologies is AMS-I-C. Both methodologies are
compatible with CDM Sector 1. AMS-I-C. refers to thermal energy
using renewable energy sources instead of fossil based ones. AMS-III-B refers to switching of fossil fuels. However,
neither of these appears applicable to integrated development projects. AMS-I-C has been
applied for renewable energy briquettes distributed to individual households
for cooking purposes. The principle that small-scale type I projects for the
generation of renewable energy up to 15MW or
equivalent for briquettes for cooking stoves has therefore been accepted.
AMS 1.E Small-scale Switch from non-renewable biomass
for thermal applications by the user (Version 3) together with its
accompanying clarification on the calculation of the thermal
output for applicability of small-scale limit of 45 MWth on the other hand falls under the UNEP sub-type “manure” and refers to a switch from
non-renewable biomass to renewable biomass for thermal applications by the
user. Integrated development projects provide for the local
production of
mini-briquettes made from renewable biomass wastes and residues supplemented as
necessary by purpose-grown renewable crops, rather than to manure. This appears
to a more appropriate methodology than AMS-I-C or AMS-III-B. The Possible UNEP tool routing for AMS 1.E is :
“Renewable Energy” > sublevel “Bio-mass” > sub-type “Manure” >
small-scale applications, methodology AMS 1.E, using renewable bio-mass instead of
manure.
The clarification on the calculation of the thermal
output for applicability of small-scale limit of 45 MWth
for AMS 1.E refers to agreement by the working
group for small-scale projects that the “useful power” concept, being the
manufacturers specifications on the installed/rated capacity of a cook stove,
be used to verify compliance with the small-scale limit of 45 MW thermal output
limit of group I projects.
Integrated development projects
provide for the local production of mini -briquettes made from
renewable biomass residues supplemented as required by specially cultivated
renewable energy crops instead of animal
wastes.
Methodology AMS 1.E therefore appears to be more
appropriate than AMS-I-C and AMS-III-B.
This application supplements
application 01 above. Assuming 65% of non-renewable biomass is saved under
application 1 above, the remaining 35% of biomass incorporated in the locally
produced mini-briquettes under application 08 must be renewable. It must
therefore be proved that the
remaining 35% of biomass being substituted by the mini-briquettes is
non-renewable.
09. Recycling of human waste
to avoid the use of industrial fertilisers.
This application would presumable
fall under either CDM
sector 04. Manufacturing industries or 05. Chemical industries.
While the market price of
fertilisers is interesting from the point of view of project benefits, CDM savings would be directed to savings of CO2 emissions
during the production, packaging and transport of the fertilisers.
There is no existing methodology
for this. The small scale of the project initiative in this respect would not
appear to justify opening negotiations for the approval of a new methodology.
10. Methane recovery from
animal waste for cooking and lighting purposes especially in pastoralist areas.
The application
refers to small-scale methane recovery from animal waste for lighting purposes
and electricity generation in pastoralist areas. The resultant energy from this
application can also be used for cooking purposes under CDM
sector 3 : energy demand.
A possible UNEP tool routing is : Power
Consumption > sublevel “Various household installations” > sub-type
“Stoves” > small-scale applications > methodology AMS-II-G as
provided in application 01 above. Doubling-up will cause loss of income to
project beneficiaries.
Risk of doubling up
must be avoided. The energy from this application 10 could be used for lighting
purposes and/or for small scale electricity generation. If it is used for
lighting purposes, it can be brought under CDM Sector
1 - Energy industries. A possible UNEP tool routing for this is : Power Consumption >
sub-level “Various household installations” > sub-type “Lighting” >
small-scale applications > methodologies AMS-II-J,
AMS-II-C, AMS-I-A, or the
new methodology AMS-III-AR.
Of the four named
methodologies, AMS-II-C refers to adoption of
energy-efficient appliances. AMS-II-J applies
specifically to the adoption of compact fluorescent lamps. AMS-I-A
refers to small-scale stand-alone or mini-grid electricity generation by the
user with installed capacity up to 15MW with
emissions reductions per renewable energy based lighting system is less than 5
tonnes of CO2 equivalent a year and where it can be shown that fossil fuel
would have been used in the absence of the project activity. The new methodology AMS-III-AR (introduced 26th November, 2010) applies to the
adoption of LED lamps. Methodology AMS-III-AR is discussed in more detail in application 11
below.
A better option may
be methodology AMS-III-R, which falls under CDM
sector 15, Agriculture.
A possible UNEP
tool routing for AMS-III-R is : Renewable Energy > sublevel “Biomass” >
sub-type “Domestic Manure” > small-scale application AMS-III-R, methane recovery in agricultural activities at household/small farm level. This must be used in
combination with AMS-I-C Thermal energy production
with or without electricity.
The technology/measure for methodology AMS-III-R is
as follows :
“1. This project category comprises recovery
and destruction of methane from manure and wastes from agricultural activities that would be decaying anaerobically emitting methane to the atmosphere in
the absence of the project activity. Methane emissions are prevented by:
“(a) Installing methane recovery and
combustion system to an existing source of methane emissions, or
(b) Changing the management practice of a
biogenic waste or raw material in order to achieve the controlled anaerobic
digestion equipped with methane recovery and combustion system.
“2. The category is limited to measures at
individual households or small farms (e.g. installation of a domestic biogas
digester). Methane recovery systems that achieve an annual emission reduction
of less than or equal to 5 tonnes of CO2e per system
are included in this category. Systems with annual emission reduction higher
than 5 tonnes of CO2e are eligible under AMS III.D.
“3. This project category is only applicable
in combination with AMS I.C.
“4. The project activity shall satisfy the
following conditions:
“(a) The sludge must be handled aerobically.
In case of soil application of the final sludge the proper conditions and
procedures that ensure that there are no methane emissions must be ensured.
(b) Measures shall be used (e.g. combusted or
burnt in a biogas burner for cooking needs) to ensure that all the methane
collected by the recovery system is destroyed.
“5. Aggregated annual emission reductions of
all systems included shall be less than or equal to 60 kt
CO2 equivalent.”
Methodology AMS-I-C in turn
“comprises renewable energy technologies that supply users with thermal energy
that displaces fossil fuel use. These units include technologies such as solar
thermal water heaters and dryers, solar cookers, energy derived from renewable
biomass and other technologies that provide thermal energy that displaces
fossil fuel.”
The new methodology AMS-III-AR (introduced 26th November, 2010) applies to the
adoption of LED lamps. It refers to the lighting technology itself, and would
be included under application 11 below. AMS-III-R can be used with AMS-I-C for the rest
of the methane produced in application 11 to substitute other existing
electricity/power generation activities. The challenge is to find alternative
existing uses of non-renewable energy within each integrated development area.
Beneficiaries may also choose to use the gas for new energy uses, but this
would not qualify for CDM funding. They may prefer to
use their methane gas to replace the mini-briquettes for stoves under
application 01 above. This too would, however, lead to a drainage of possible CDM revenues.
11. Replacement of kerosene
lamps, incandescent light bulbs, and of the use of throw-away batteries by
renewable energy sources (wind, solar and/or renewable bio-mass including but
not limited to plant oil, gasification of biomass).
The replacement of
kerosene lamps and of the use of throw-away batteries by renewable energy
sources (wind, solar and/or renewable bio-mass including but not limited to
plant oil, gasification of biomass falls under CDM
Sector 3 - Energy demand.
A possible UNEP tool routing
is: Power Consumption > sub-level “Various household installations”
> sub-type “Lighting” > small-scale applications > methodologies AMS-II-J or AMS-II-C or AMS-I-A.
AMS-I-A is compatible with CDM
sector 1 (energy industries). It refers to small-scale stand-alone or mini-grid
electricity generation by the user with installed capacity up to 15MW with emissions reductions per renewable energy based
lighting system is less than 5 tonnes of CO2 equivalent a year where it can be shown that fossil fuel would
have been used in the absence of the project activity.
Methodologies AMS-II-C and AMS-II-J both
conform to CDM sector 3. AMS-II-C
refers to adoption of energy-efficient appliances. AMS-II-J
applies specifically to the adoption of compact fluorescent lamps.
However it is a new
methodology, AMS-III-AR which was
introduced on the 26th of November, 2010 that appears to offer the
best solution for integrated development projects. It applies to the adoption of LED lamps. It
is not included in the UNEP Tool for Selecting CDM Methodologies and
Technologies.
Methodologies AMS-II-C, AMS-II-J, and AMS-III-AR are all
coupled to energy savings inherent
in the introduction of improved lighting technologies, rather than to
the source of energy. The highest energy savings with the greatest
flexibility of use are given by the adoption of LED lights, so AMS-III-AR appears to be the
preferred methodology. The substantially higher initial investment cost of the
lamps is potentially directly recovered by the reduction in the size of the
alternative energy power source installed.
12. Replacement of
non-renewable electrical and diesel-driven sources for mechanical equipment
such as pumps and mills and, where applicable, pubic (street) lighting systems.
This falls under CDM Sector 1, Energy industries.
A possible UNEP tool routing is : (for solar) “Renewable Energy” > sub-level
“Solar” > sub-type “Solar PV” > small-scale applications > AMS-I-D or AMS-I-A; or (for wind)
“Renewable Energy” > sub-level “Solar” > sub-level “Wind” > sub-type
“Wind”, small-scale applications > AMS-I-F, AMS-I-D or AMS-I-A.
All three methodologies are
compatible with CDM sector 1.
By far the most common
methodology of the three, AMS-I-D, applies only to alternative energy supply to a
regional or national grid and is therefore not usually applicable in integrated
development projects. AMS-I-F refers to the
substitution of electricity from a national or regional grid, from a
fossil-fuelled captive power plant or from a carbon intensive mini-grid. AMS-I-A refers to small-scale stand-alone or mini-grid
electricity generation by the user.
Of the three names methodologies, the most
appropriate one is methodology AMS-I-A which does not,
however, enjoy the advantages of simplified procedures.
Methodology AMS-I-A is described in the CDM Methodology Booklet as follows :
“This category comprises renewable electricity
generation units that supply individual households/users or groups of households/users
included in the project boundary. The applicability is limited to individual
households and users that do not have a grid connection except when;
“(a) A group of households or users are
supplied electricity through a standalone minigrid powered
by renewable energy generation unit(s) where the capacity of the generating
units does not exceed 15 MW (i.e., the sum of installed capacities of all
renewable energy generators connected to the mini-grid is less than 15 MW)
e.g., a community based stand-alone off-the-grid renewable electricity systems;
or
“(b) The emissions reduction per renewable
energy based lighting system is less than 5 tonnes of CO2e
a year and where it can be shown that fossil fuel would have been used in the
absence of the project activity by;
(i) A representative
sample survey (90% confidence interval, ±10% error margin) of target
households; or
(ii) Official statistics from the host country
government agencies.
“The renewable energy generation units include
technologies such as solar, hydro, wind, biomass gasification and other
technologies that produce electricity all of which is used on-site/locally by
the user, e.g., solar home systems, wind battery chargers . The renewable
generating units may be new installations (Greenfield) or replace existing
onsite fossil-fuel-fired generation. To qualify as a small-scale project, the
total output of the unit(s) shall not exceed the limit of 15 MW.”
Methodology AMS-I-A has already been used for applications relating to
both wind and solar energy and to biomass applications for electricity
generation including but not limited to palm oil and manures. It therefore
appears to be the most flexible methodology for application 12.
13. Local recycling and
recovery of materials from solid wastes, including but not limited to plastics.
Small scale local recycling and
recovery of materials from solid wastes, including but not limited to plastics,
is a feature of integrated development projects. Recovery and recycling of
plastics materials is a CDM sector 13 activity. It is
covered under methodology AMS-III-AJ.
Methodology AMS-III-AJ
is not included in the UNEP tool for Selecting CDM Methodologies and
Technologies.
Methodology AMS-III-AJ
comprises activities for recovery and recycling of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene(LDPE) materials in municipal solid wastes to process them
into intermediate or finished products. Examples are plastic resin to displace
production of virgin HDPE and LDPE
materials in dedicated facilities thereby saving energy and reducing CO2
emissions.
AMS-III-AJ is about mechanical recycling. It defines physical/mechanical processes as
those by which recyclable materials e.g., HDPE and LDPE plastics are obtained from municipal solid waste by
way of separation, cleaning and compaction/packing for further processing in
order to produce intermediate/finished products to substitute virgin raw
materials in an industrial production chain. The process may be accomplished
manually and/or using mechanical equipment. Measures taken include but are not
limited to one or more of the following : washing the separated LDPE and HDPE materials with hot
water, drying, compaction, shredding and pelletizing.
Recycling facility (ies) is (are) facility (ies)
places where the recyclables in the municipal solid waste that are collected
are sorted, classified and prepared into marketable commodities for
processing/manufacturing in single or multiple locations. The term Processing/Manufacturing facility includes industrial processes to transform recyclable materials
obtained from recycling facility into intermediate or finished products e.g.,
plastic resin.
Until now, AMS-III-AJ
is the only other methodology covering energy savings through the recycling of
non-organic solid waste products.
Another methodology, AMS-III-X ,relates
specifically to the recovery of HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) from the recycling of refrigerators. It
is not appropriate for integrated development projects.
Sect. 5 :
Kyoto Treaty : Analysis of possibilities
for finance. (Additional)
03. Potential areas of application of CDM
mechanisms to integrated development projects.
04. Small-scale CDM activities.
06. Selection of the CDM
methodologies for the applications listed in section 03.
08. Notes specific to the role of bamboo in afforestation and reforestation (AR)
projects.
09. CDM funding indications for
the selected applications and methodologies.
Exam Block 8 : [4 hours]
Consolidated exam :
Section C. [6 hours].
◄ Eighth block : Section. 5 :
Kyoto Treaty : Analysis of possibilities
for finance.
◄ Eighth block : Economic
Aspects.
◄ Main index for the Diploma in Integrated Development
(Dip. Int. Dev.)
"Money is not
the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them."
Gesell, Silvio, The Natural Economic Order, revised English
edition, Peter Owen,
“Poverty is created
scarcity”
Wahu Kaara, point 8 of the Global Call to Action Against
Poverty, 58th annual NGO Conference, United Nations,
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