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STICHTING BAKENS VERZET

1018 AM AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS

Director,

T.E.(Terry) Manning,

Schoener 50,

1771 ED Wieringerwerf,

The Netherlands.

Tel: 0031-227-604128

Homepage: http://www.flowman.nl

E-mail: (nameatendofline)@xs4all.nl : bakensverzet

 


MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE SELF-FINANCING INTEGRATED RURAL AND POOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT FOR THE WORLD'S POOR

Incorporating innovative social, financial, economic, local administrative and productive structures, numerous renewable energy applications, with an important role for women in poverty alleviation in rural and poor urban environments.

 


 

"Money is not the key that opens the gates of the market but the bolt that bars them"

 

Gesell, Silvio The Natural Economic Order

Revised English edition, Peter Owen, London 1958, page 228

 


 

Edition 11: 23 November, 2006

 


6.21 Circulation of funds.

One of the main challenges facing the execution of development projects throughout the world is the elimination of corruption and fraud. This is also true for projects in developing countries where it is particularly important that formal money seed funds be used for the purposes for which they are intended and that they actually reach their destination for the benefit of the people in the project area.

 

For this project a detailed plan for the payment of the project funds has been prepared.

 

Cash flow diagram.

Chart showing bank structures.

Formal money seed funds in Euro are paid into a Euro account with a leading international bank in the name of the local NGO and strictly tied to the project.  Foreign funds payments for the project are made directly from this account following the authorisation and auditing procedures illustrated in the cash-flow and bank-structures charts.

Formal money funds required for payments in the (currency of the host country) are paid and converted from the Euro account with the leading international bank into a (currency of the host country) account with a leading national bank in the name of the local  NGO and strictly tied to the project. Larger (currency of the host country) payments are made directly from this account following the authorisation and auditing procedures illustrated in the cash-flow and bank-structures charts.

Funds for smaller (currency of the host country) payments are transferred from the (currency of the host country) account with a leading national bank to a (currency of the host country) account strictly tied to the name of the project with a local bank in the project area. This account is directly accessible by the project coordinator. For this project, the auditing committee (has, has not) nominated an executive auditor to co-sign sur place outgoing payments with the project coordinator.

The above scheme means that:

a)       Small everyday payments for up to (amount) in (currency of the host country) are paid out of a (currency of the host country) account in the name of the project with a local bank in the project area. Formalities for these payments are kept to a minimum. They are made by the project coordinator (with co-signature sur place of an executive auditor nominated by the auditing commission.)  The local fund  is replenished from time to time at the request of the project coordinator (with co-signature sur place of an executive auditor nominated by the auditing commission)  from the project’s (currency of the host country) account with a leading national bank ) by the local NGO on decision of the project monitoring board nominated by the NGO.

b)       Larger payments for up to (amount) in (currency of the host country)  are made out of a  (currency of the host country) account with a leading national bank in the name of the local  NGO and linked to the project. These payments are made on the instruction of the project coordinator (with  co-signature sur place of an executive auditor nominated by the auditing commission) by the local NGO on decision of the project monitoring board nominated by the NGO. The national fund  is replenished from time to time at the request of the project coordinator (with co-signature sur place of an executive auditor nominated by the auditing commission) from the project’s Euro account with a leading international bank  by the local NGO on decision of the project monitoring board nominated by the NGO.

c)       Foreign payments in Euros are made out of  the Euro account with a leading international bank in the name of the  local NGO, linked to the project. These payments are made on the instruction of the project coordinator (with co-signature sur place of an executive auditor nominated by the auditing commission) by the local NGO on decision of the project monitoring board nominated by the NGO.

No payment for the project can be made by the local NGO without the request of the project-coordinator (with co-signature sur place of an executive auditor nominated by the auditing commission). No payment for the project can be made under b) and c)  by the project coordinator (with co-signature sur place of an executive auditor nominated by the auditing commission) without  a decision of the project monitoring board nominated by the NGO.

The activities of the project monitoring board nominated by the NGO are placed under the on-going control and inspection of the auditing commission. The activities of the auditing commission are subject to control by the independent auditor.

The Cooperative Local Development Fund.

The people in the project area are poor and plagued by lack of formal means (money) necessary for the transfer of productive goods and services . The initial formal money seed capital (usually less than Euro 100 per person) will therefore has come from donors (in the form of a grant, in the form of an interest-free loan repayable over a period of ten years).

The users will pay a monthly fee into their own Cooperative Local Development Fund which they manage themselves through the project structures they create in the early phases of the project. The monthly contributions are usually between Euro 0,60 and Euro 0,75 per person, or approximately Euro 3 -4 per month for a family of five.  Cooperative Local Development Fund is managed by the project’s Central Management Unit, which is set up during an early phase of project execution.

Formal money seed capital can be either by of grant or by way of interest-free loan.

The difference to the project between initial seed capital by way of grant and initial seed capital by way of interest-free loan funds becomes apparent only at the close of the first ten years’ operational cycle. In case of grant, self-financed project extensions to project structures can be  made sooner and/or there is no temporary reduction in the amount of funds available to finance interest-free micro-credits. In the case of an interest-free loan, project extensions will take longer to finance and the funds available for interest-free micro-credit finance will have to build up again from zero. 

The money in the Cooperative Local Development Fund gradually builds up over the ten years’ period until it reaches the amount originally granted or loaned interest-free. This money is re-cycled interest-free for use as micro-credits to develop local production capacity. 

(The initial seed capital is in the form of an interest-free loan. The loan is paid back in a single lump sum at the close of the ten years’ period. The capital in the Fund drops temporarily back to zero. Since users continue to make their monthly contributions into the Cooperative Local Development Fund, the capital in the fund builds up again during the second period of ten years, and the cycle of interest-free micro-credits builds up again as it did in the first period of ten years. At the close of the second period of ten years, capital funds are available for the extension or replacement of capital investments. Since users continue to make their monthly contributions into the Cooperative Development Fund, the capital in the fund builds up again during the third period of ten years, and the cycle of interest-free micro-credits builds up again as it did in the second period of ten years, and the system continues in a sustainable way indefinitely. )

(or)  

(The initial seed capital is in the form of a grant. The capital collected in the Cooperative Local Development Fund does not need to be repaid at the close of the first ten years’ period. The project structures, which are chosen and run by the people themselves, may at that point choose to use part or all of the  available capital to extend project  structures. They may choose to maintain a large capital in the Fund to finance interest-free micro-credits.)

The monthly  payments made by users into the Cooperative Local Development Fund  are used:

-          where the seed funds are in the form of an interest-free loan, to repay the loan itself at the expiry of the first ten years’ project period.

-          to pay on-going administration and maintenance costs. This money pays the monthly fees of the project coordinator and the costs of fuel and imported materials of maintenance and inspection personnel and the monthly formal money payments made to the tank commissions. The project management will, on the advice of the well commissions, apportion the funds.

-          to set up reserves for long term maintenance and replacement of capital goods. These funds will also be re-cycled for micro-credits but managed so that the capital is available when it is needed.

Apportionment by the project management of the formal money income paid by the users each month will vary from project to project. Normally about 80% will usually be held in the Cooperative Local Development Fund for capital repayment, where necessary, and to finance interest-free micro-credit loans. Of the remaining 20%,  about 55% of 20% can be expected to be used to cover formal cost content of administration, maintenance, and spare parts, 20% of 20% to cover a monthly formal money allowance for the tank commissions, and 25% of 20% is available to cover loss of or damage to installations and unforeseen costs.

Formal money costs of setting up the social and services structures foreseen in each project application are paid out of the formal money project capital. Formal money costs of setting up the productive services structures foreseen in each project application are first paid out of the formal money project capital and then repaid by the individuals, families and cooperatives involved into the Cooperative Local Development Fund and recycled for interest-free micro-credits as already described above. The period for repayment of these interest-free capital  loans will vary substantially from project to project and from case to case. It must in any case be reasonable. The formal money necessary to repay the capital is obtained through sale of an agreed part of the production for formal  money outside the project area until the capital has been repaid.

By way of example, the formal money cost of the gypsum composite production units and the mini-briquette production units e is usually covered by interest-free loans repayable over 3-5 years. 

Users should also benefit from large savings in their traditional expenses. Existing formal money costs of purchasing drinking water, recycling services, petroleum for lighting, batteries, and especially fuel for cooking will be eliminated. The savings for cooking fuels will come from using high efficiency stoves made from gypsum composites and the local production of bio-mass for mini-briquettes for fuel.  Provision of drinking water under the project will avoid the need to purchase expensive water from vendors especially in poor urban areas. Waste re-cycling under the project will produce savings by creating value added from resources currently unused and because payments for collection and handling of the waste will be kept inside the local economy.

Formal money costs of setting up the social and services structures foreseen in each project application are paid out of the formal money project capital.

The following drawings and graphs form an integral part of this project proposal.

GRAPH SHOWING DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-LOANS .
THE INTEREST-FREE LOAN CYCLE .
HOW THE ORIGINAL SEED LOAN MONEY IS USED.
GRAPH SHOWING TYPICAL QUARTERLY EXPENDITURE.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE FIRST QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE SECOND QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE THIRD QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE FOURTH QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE FIFTH QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE SIXTH QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE SEVENTH QUARTER.
DETAILED TYPICAL EXPENDITURE EIGHTH QUARTER.


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